Panama fever (92 page)

422    ”found themselves handling hard rock one hour”
Goethals, ed.,
The Panama Canal
, vol. 1, p. 346.

423    seventy-six miles of construction track
Ibid., p. 346.

424    ”The Cut is a tremendous demonstration”
Archer,
Through Afro-America
, p. 287.

424     “heroic human endeavour”
James,
A
.
Woman in the Wilderness
, p. 96.

425    ”They are generally comfortable men and women of 50 or more”
William Baxter account,
Chagres Yearbook
, 1913, p. 59ff.

425    Arnold Small
Diggers
documentary.

425     “John Prescod”
“Competition for the Best True Stories.”

425     “I had never saw so much rain in all my life”
Rufus Forde, in “Competition for the Best True Stories.”

425     “The different levels varied from ten to twenty feet”
Franck,
Zone Policeman 88
, p. 115.

427     Jamaican Z. McKenzie
“Competition for the Best True Stories.”

427    Amos Clarke
Ibid.

428    ”Two days later, all of us who had become such close friends”
Hardeveld,
Make the Dirt Fly
, pp. 136–37.

429    ”at the end of long years of patient, exacting work”
Sibert and Stevens,
The Construction of the Panama Canal
, p. 10.

429    George Martin
“Competition for the Best True Stories.”

430    netted 1,800 specimens in a week
Le Prince and Orenstein,
Mosquito Control in Panama
, p. 210.

431    ”fine body of disciplined and skilled workmen”
Mallet to Foreign Office, May 8, 1913, FO881/10293.

432    the West Indian laborer had lived down his bad reputation
Haskin,
The Panama Canal, pp.
154, 162.

432     “the negroes from the British West Indies”
Franck,
Zone Policeman 88
, p. 123.

432    ”What was the black culture”
Victor Smythe in Russell,
The Last Buffalo
, p. 15.

433    ”They lived chiefly in windowless, six-by-eight rooms”
Franck,
Zone Policeman 88
, p. 40.

433     “On Sunday morning every religious community is busy”
Carr, “The Panama Canal,”
The Outlook
, May 5, 1906.

433     “a forum for expression on many issues”
Westerman,
Los immigrantes antillanos
en Panamá
, p. 23.

433    ”tame them and provide a relief valve”
Luis Navas,
El movimiento obrero enPanamá
, p. 250.

434    ”were the unquestioned leaders of glamour and glitter”
Russell,
The Last Buffalo
, p. 34.

434     “To see people at night”
Benjamin Jordan in
Diggers
documentary.

434    ”the elegant quadrille dances”
Russell,
The Last Buffalo
, p. 37.

435    ”the vortex of trouble on the Isthmus”
Frank,
Zone Policeman 88
, p. 79.

435    ”The majority of them were employed as team drivers”
Enrique Plummer, in “Competition for the Best True Stories.”

436    ”although no such requirement is made of white employees”
Goethals to Henry A. Hart, John Thomas, March 18, 1910, 2-C-55, pt. 1, General Correspondence, 1904-14, RG 185.

436     no more U.S. blacks were given Gold Roll contracts
Gaillard (acting chairman and chief engineer) to Jackson Smith, February 11, 1908.

436     by February 1909 only one such employee remained, a Henry Williams
Letters of February 8 and May 22, 1909.

436    ”he was colored and not eligible for employment on the Gold Roll”
Letter to Goethals, January 10, 1910.

437    In July 1912 there were only sixty-nine
Letter to Goethals, July 9, 1912.

437     The following year, only fifteen remained
Letter to Goethals, March 5, 1913.

437    ”the knowledge that there are ten hungry applicants”
Star and Herald
, September 7, 1907.

438    a resident of Colón, Mr. Foster Burns
Interview “with Mr. Foster Burns, Colón, August 19, 2004.

Chapter Twenty-four: “Lord How Piercing!”

442    ”an ugly denuded waste of land”
Lee,
The Strength to Move Mountains
, p. 172.

442    Barbadian Edgar Simmons
“Competition for the Best True Stories.”

443    ”Chagres River plunges”
Lee,
The Strength to Move Mountains
, p. 183.

444    ”the outbreak of yellow fever journalism”
Ibid., p. 185.

444    ”fire in the rear”
Ibid., p. 189.

446     “It is not hard to realize”
Franck,
Zone Policeman 88
, p. 307.

446     “No one expected on returning to work in the morning”
Sibert and Stevens,
The Construction of the Panama Canal
, p. 205.

446     American Harry Cole
“Some Episodes in Connection “with the Construction of the Pacific Division of the Panama Canal,” 1908–1914 by Harry O. Cole, unpublished memoir 1947, Box 1, MCCZ.

448     “They did not look with favour”
Cameron,
The Impossible Dream
, p. 189.

450     “These locks are more than just tons of concrete”
Lee,
The Strength to Move Mountains
, p. 263.

452     “Yuh gets more money for that job than working in the cut”
“West Indian Work Songs,” Box 33, MCCZ.

452    ”I found myself racing across the narrow plank bridges”
Franck,
Zone Policeman 88, p.
181.

453    Eustace Tabois
Diggers
documentary.

453     “hurting many and sometimes killing men instantly”
James Ashby, in “Competition for the Best True Stories.”

453     “The family of those men working on those locks”
T. H. Riley in “Competition for the Best True Stories.”

453    Jamaican Nehemiah Douglas
“Competition for the Best True Stories.”

454    ”poured like sand”
Rufus Forde in “Competition for the Best True Stories.”

Chapter Twenty-five: The Land Divided, The World United

457     “There was a reverent silence”
Hardeveld,
Make the Dirt Fly
, p. 142.

459    ”Gentlemen, the two consuming ambitions of my life”
Cameron,
The Impossible Dream
, p. 254.

460    ”On board were all the foremost Panamanian citizens and politicians”
James,
A
.
Woman in the Wilderness
, p. 94ff.

460     “Unostentatious dedicatory act [was] a more appropriate celebration”
Lee,
The Strength to Move Mountains
, p. 283.

Postscript Whose Canal Is It, Anyway?

464     “This I can say absolutely was my own work”
Roosevelt,
The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt
, vol. 6, p. 1444.

464    ”I am interested in the Panama Canal because I started it”
New York Times
, March 24, 1911.

465    ”somebody [namely, himself] was prepared to act with decision”
Roosevelt,
An Autobiography
, p. 553.

465     argued a contributor to the
North American Review

465    
Leander T. Chamberlain, “A Chapter of National Dishonor,”
North American Review
, February 1912.

465     “an affront to international decency”
Elmer Ellis quoted in Graham,
The “Interests of Civilization”?
, p. 178.

465    ”The summary ejectment of Colombia”
Mahan, “Was Panama ‘A Chapter of National Dishonor?,”
North American Review
196, 1912.

466    dubbed “canalimony”
Graham,
The “Interests of Civilization”?
‘p. 158.

466     “a most sordid and shameless conspiracy”
New York World
, April 24, 1921.

469     “The returned Panama Canal labourer”
Richardson,
Panama Money in Barbados
, p. 149.

469     Jamaican Z. Mackenzie
“Competition for the Best True Stories.”

471     One man who had worked for thirty-eight years for the canal
Petras,
Jamaican
Labor Migration
, pp. 227–28.

471     A doctor who treated a lot of the old-timers
Interview with Dr. Hedley C Lennon, Panama City, August 18, 2004.

471     “I am glad to see that all my sweat”
Alfred E. Dottin in “Competition for the Best True Stories.”

471     “It is a job well done”
S. Smith in “Competition for the Best True Stories.”

471     “I got to be a man”
Diggers
documentary.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Panama and the Canal in Pictures and Prose.
New York & London, 1913.

Acosta, José de.
Historia natural y moral de las Indias occidentales ó América
, vol. 2. Madrid, 1787.

Anguizola, Gustave.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla: The Man Behind the Panama Canal
Chicago, 1980.

Archer, William.
Through Afro-America: An English Reading of the Race Problem.
London, 1910.

Arias, Harmodio.
The Panama Canal: A
.
Study in International Law and Diplomacy.
London, 1911.

Bailey, Thomas.
A Diplomatic History of the American People.
New York, 1947.

Barrett, J.
The Panama Canal: What It Is, What It Means.
Washington, 1913.

Bates, Lindon Wallace.
The Crisis at Panama.
New York, 1906.

——.
Retrieval at Panama.
New York, 1907.

Beach, Rex.
The Ne'er do Well.
New York, 1911.

Beale, Howard.
Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of American Power.
Baltimore, 1956.

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The People of Panama.
New York, 1955.

Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed.
The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy.
New York, 1958.

Bennett, Ira E.
History of the Panama Canal
Washington, D.C., 1915.

Bethell, Leslie, ed.
Cambridge History of Latin America.
Vol. VII. Cambridge and New York,1990.

Bidwell, Charles.
The Isthmus of Panama.
London, 1865.

Bigelow, John.
The Panama Canal Report of the Hon. John Bigelow, Delegated by the Chamber of
Commerce of New York to Assist at the Inspection of the Panama Canal in February 1886. NewYork, 1886.

——.
The Panama Canal and the Daughters of Danaus.
New York, 1908.

Bigelow, Poultney. “Our Mismanagement at Panama.”
The Independent
, January 4, 1906.

Birmingham, Stephen.
Our Crowd: The Great Jewish Families of New York.
New York, 1967.