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5. Medieval, Renaissance and Reformation Peaces

  1
Augustine,
City of God
, vol. 2, trans. M. Dodds (Edinburgh: Clark, 1871), 319; my rendition cf. Zampaglione, 301.
  2
Ibid., 405.
  3
Ibid., 57.
  4
Quoted in Zampaglione,
The Idea of Peace in Antiquity
, 299.
  5
E. Gibbon,
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(Collier, 1899), 270.
  6
Saint Benedict,
The Rule of Saint Benedict
(Vintage, 1998), 62.
  7
D. Alighieri,
On World-Government
, trans. H. Schneider (Liberal Arts, 1957), 13.
  8
Ibid., 22.
  9
Quoted in M. Bishop,
Petrarch and His World
(Indiana, 1963), 286.
10
N. Machiavelli,
The Prince
, trans. N. Thomson (Paul, Trench, 1882), 115–16.
11
Ibid., 57.
12
N. Machiavelli,
Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy
, trans. N. Thomson (Paul, Trench, 1883), 219.
13
Ibid., 431.
14
Erasmus, “On the War against the Turks,” in
The Erasmus Reader
, ed. E. Rummel (University of Toronto, 1990), 316–19.
15
The Adages of Erasmus
, ed. W. Barker (University of Toronto, 2001), 323.
16
T. More,
Utopia
(Rickerby, 1852), 174.
17
Ibid., 183.
18
Ibid., 156.
19
M. Mullett,
Martin Luther
(Routledge, 2004), 75.
20
M. Wagner,
Petr Chelcicky
:
A Radical Separatist in Hussite Bohemia
(Herald, 1983), 89.
21
P. Brock,
Political and Social Doctrines of the Unity of Czech Brethren
(Mouton, 1957), 55.
22
C. Grebel, Letter to Thomas Muntzer, September 1524.
23
J. Stayer,
Anabaptists and the Sword
(Wipf and Stock), 172.
24
A. Weinberg and L. Weinberg, eds,
Instead of Violence: Writings of the Great Advocates of Peace and Nonviolence Throughout History
, (Grossman, 163), 438l.
25
G. Fox,
Journal of George Fox
, ed. J. Nickalls (Cambridge, 1952), 65.
26
Ibid.
27
Ibid., 405.
28
Ibid., 398–404.

6. Peace, Peacemaking and the Ascent of Nation-States

  1
T. Hobbes,
Leviathan
(Routledge, 1886), 64.
  2
Ibid., 93.
  3
Ibid., 65.
  4
C. de Montesquieu,
The Spirit of the Law
, trans. T. Nugent (Colonial, 1900), 59.
  5
Ibid., 127.
  6
Ibid., 316.
  7
J. Locke,
Two Treaties on Government
(Routledge, 1887), 191.
  8
Ibid., 250, 219.
  9
Ibid., 258–9.
10
Ibid., 287.
11
Ibid., 302.
12
J. Rousseau,
The Social Contract
, trans. G. Cole (Dutton, 1950), 9.
13
Ibid., 66.
14
Ibid., 12.
15
Ibid., 3.
16
Ibid., 140.
17
C. Ady and E. Armstrong,
A History of Milan under the Sforza
(Methuen, 1907), 62.
18
E. Crucé,
Le Nouveau Cynée
, trans. T. Balch (Allen, Lane, and Scott, 1909), 85.
19
Ibid., 9, 3.
20
H. Grotius,
On the Laws of War and Peace
, trans. F. Kelsey (Carnegie, 1925), 28.
21
Montesquieu, 5.
22
J. Scott, ed.,
The Classics of International Law
(Clarendon, 1934), 175.
23
G. de Martens,
Summary of the Law of Nations Founded on the Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe,
trans. William Cobbett (Philadelphia, 1795), 3–5.
24
Ibid., 5.
25
W. Grewe,
The Epochs of International Law
, trans. M. Byers (Walter de Gruyter, 2000), 380–1.
26
Ibid.
27
Constitution of the International Law Association, Article 3
www.ilahq.org/html/main_constitution_english.htm
accessed June 1, 2008.
28
G. Finch,
The Sources of Modern International Law
(Hein, 2000), 77.
29
J. Ralston,
International Arbitration: From Athens to Locarno
(Stanford, 1929), 191.
30
Bulletin du premier congrès universel de la paix
(Paris, 1889), 10–13.
31
Statutes of the Inter-Parliamentarian Union, Article 2,
http://www.ipu.org/strct-e/statutes-new.htm
accessed October 25, 2007.
32
N. Politis,
Neutrality and Peace
, trans. F. Macken (Carnegie, 1935), 12.
33
P. Schroeder,
The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848
(Clarendon, 1996), 25, 46.
34
F. Hartmann, ed.,
Basic Documents of International Relations
(McGraw-Hill, 1951). 16.
35
Ibid., 11–12.
36
J. Solana, “Securing Peace in Europe,” NATO Publications (November 12, 1998)
www.nato.int/docu/speech/1998/s981112a.htm
accessed June 1, 2008.
37
H. Wheaton,
Elements of International Law
(Philadelphia, 1846), 3.
38
I. Kant,
The Critique of Pure Reason
, trans. J. Meiklejohn (Collier, 1901), 548.
39
I. Kant,
Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals
(Prentice Hall, 1997), 54.
40
I. Kant,
The Philosophy of Law. An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right
, trans. W. Hastie (Clark, 1887), 229–30.
41
W. Phillips,
The Confederation of Europe: A Study of the European Alliance, 1813–1823, as an Experiment in the International Organization of Peace
(Longmans Green, 1920), 5.
42
I. Kant,
Perpetual Peace
, trans. L. Beck (Liberal Arts, 1957).
43
“The Herald of Peace,” in
Les États-Unis d'Europe
1:46 (1868), 182.
44
F. Passy,
Guerres et congrès ou le socialisme international: Extrait de l'Économiste belge
, (Paris, 1899), 5–6.
45
Passy “Ligue internationale et permanente de la paix” (Paris, 1868), 77–87.
46
S. Cooper
Patriotic, Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914
(Oxford, 1991), 61.
47
E. Mead,
Official Report
(London, 1908), 88.
48
A. Schou,
Nobel: The Man and His Prizes
(Norman, 1951), 477.
49
W. Channing,
The Works of William E. Channing
(American Unitarian Association, 1894), 673.
50
Ibid., 676.
51
R. Emerson,
The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson
, vol. 10 (Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 117.
52
R. Emerson,
Essays
(Houghton Mifflin, 1883), 87.
53
R. Emerson,
The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson,
vol. 7 (Houghton Mifflin, 1912), 221.
54
H. Thoreau, “Civil Disobedience,” in
Walden and Other Writings
(Modern Library, 1950), 635–63, p. 644.
55
Ibid., 647.
56
L. Tolstoy,
War and Peace
, trans. L. and A. Maude (Oxford, 1998), 667.
57
Ibid., 669–70.
58
Ibid., 476.
59
L. Tolstoy,
What Is Art?
(London, 1924), 332.
60
L. Tostoy,
The Kingdom of God Is Within You and Peace Essays
(Oxford, 1951), 19.
61
L. Tostoy,
The Law of Love and the Law of Violence
(R. Field, 1938), 38.
62
R. Christian, trans.
Tolstoy's Letters
vol. 2 (Scribner, 1978), 707–8.
63
Baha Ullah,
Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah
, trans. S. Effendi (Baha'i Publishing), 250
64
Ibid., 119.
65
H. Balyuzi,
Baha Ullah: A Brief Life
(G. Ronald, 1963), 69.
66
Paris Talks: Addresses Given by ‘Abdu'l-Baha in 1911
(Baha'i Publishing, 2006), 120–1.
67
‘Abdu'l-Baha,
The Promulgation of Universal Peace
(Baha'i Publishing, 1982), 371;
Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu'l-Baha
(Baha'i World Center, 1978), 249.

7. Colonial and Imperial Peace and Peacemaking

  1
A. Roy, “The New American Century,”
The Nation
, 278: 5 (2004), 11.
  2
J. Olson
et al.,
eds,
Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism
(Greenwood, 1991), 627.
  3
E. Bourne, eds, The Voyages of the Northmen (Scribner's, 1906), 112, 114.
  4
O. Dickason,
The Myth of the Savage, and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas
(University of Alberta, 1997), 29.
  5
F. Sullivan, trans.,
Indian Freedom: The Cause of Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1484–1566, A Reader
(Rowman and Littlefield, 1995), 354.
  6
B. Dobrée,
William Penn, Quaker and Pioneer
(Houghton Mifflin, 1932), 145.
  7
G. Weltfish,
The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture
(University of Nebraska, 1977), 175.
  8
Ibid.
  9
B. Johansen,
The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition
(Greenwood, 1998), 81.
10
J. Roach,
Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance
(Columbia, 1996), 120.
11
J. Parry,
The Audiencia of New Galicia in the Sixteenth Century: A Study in Spanish Colonial Government
(Cambridge, 1948), 6.
12
J. Scott,
The Spanish Origin of International Law
(Clarendon, 1934), 348.
13
J. Thomson,
Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe
(Princeton, 1994), 35.
14
C. Boxer,
The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800
(Knopf, 1965), 24–5.
15
“Dead payes” are cash given to the families of those killed while on commission. P. Griffiths,
The British Impact on India
(MacDonald, 1952), 51.
16
J. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745–79,
vol. 30 (Government Printing Office, 1939), 71;
The Federalist: A Collection of Essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison
(Colonial, 1901), 58.
17
T. Jefferson,
Writings,
vol. 8, ed. P. Ford (Putnam, 1892–99), 4.
18
J. Elliot, Jonathan,
The American Diplomatic Code
, vol. 2 (Privately Printed, 1834), 179.
19
J. Foster,
American Diplomacy in the Orient
(Houghton Mifflin, 1903), 395.
20
A. Dennis,
Adventures in American Diplomacy, 1896–1906
(Dutton, 1928), 24.
21
U. S. Congressional Record
v. 31 (Government Printing Office), 3789.
22
V. Purcell,
The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study
(Cambridge, 1963), 70.
23
D. Preston,
The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners
(Walker, 2000), 206.
24
Ibid., 307.
25
P. Clyde,
United States Policy Toward China: Diplomatic Public Documents, 1839–1939
(Duke, 1940), 216.
26
J. Blaine,
Political Discussions, Legislative, Diplomatic, and Popular
(Henry Bill, 1887), 429.
27
The Annalist
, 23 (1921), 159.
28
U. S. Congressional Record
v. 39, 19.
29
S. Nearing and J. Freeman,
Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism
(Viking, 1925), 247.
30
Types of Restricted Sovereignty and of Colonial Autonomy
(Government Printing Office, 1919), 6–7.
31
Foreign Relation
(1912), vxiii.
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