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2. Peace in the Ancient West: Egypt, Greece and Rome

  1
E. James,
The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean
(Putnam, 1960), 263.
  2
R. Platt and M. Hefny,
Egypt: A Compendium
(American Geographical Society, 1958), 7.
  3
T. Wilkinson,
Early Dynastic Egypt
(Routledge, 1999), 51.
  4
V. Childe,
The Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory
(Knopf, 1929), 218.
  5
F. Heichelheim,
An Ancient Economic History: From the Palaeolithic Age to the Migrations of the Germanic, Slavic and Arabic Nations
vol. 1, tr. J. Stevens (Sijthoff, 1957), 446.
  6
“The Maxims of Ptah-Hotep,” in J. Lewis,
The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness Ancient Egypt
(Carroll and Graf, 2003), 17.
  7
S. Glanville,
The Legacy of Egypt
(Clarendon, 1942), 73.
  8
A. David,
The Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of
Pharaoh's Workforce
(Routledge, 1996), 29, 33, 45.
  9
A. Weigall (1923), The Life and Times of Akhnaton Pharaoh of Egypt (Kessinger, 2004), 27
.
10
C. Lamberg-Karlovsky and J. Sabloff,
Ancient Civilization and Trade
(U of New Mexico, 1975), 105.
11
C. Ogden,
From Tribe to Empire: Social Organization among Primitives and in the Ancient East
, (Paul, Trench, Treubner, 1926), 331, my ital.
12
J. Modrzejewski,
The Jews of Egypt: From Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian
, tr. R. Cornman (Jewish Publication Society, 1995), 30, my ital.
13
R. Gabriel and D. Boose,
The Great Battles of Antiquity: A Strategic and Tactical Guide to Great Battles That Shaped the Development of War
(Greenwood, 1994), 85.
14
Modrzejewski, 325.
15
Ogden,
From Tribe to Empire
, 325–6.
16
Ibid., 295.
17
C. Kerényi,
Prometheus: Archetypal Image of Human Existence
, trans. R. Manheim (Bollingen Foundation, 1963), 100–1.
18
Iliad
, 9.514–15.
19
Iliad
, 5.889–91
20
R. Gabriel and K. Metz,
From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies
(Greenwood, 1991), 132.
21
Epilogue of the
Odyssey
, 24.485–6.
22
Hesiod,
Works and Days
, 225–9.
23
E. Wilkins,
The Delphic Maxims in Literature
(University of Chicago, 1929), 1.
24
E. Cook,
The Odyssey in Athens: Myths of Cultural Origins
(Cornell, 1995), 132.
25
Xenophon,
Anabasis
, 3.1.38
26
G. Norlin, trans.
Isocrates
, vol. 1 (Heinemann, 1928), 185.
27
M. Finley,
The Greek Historians: The Essence of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon and Polybius
(Viking, 1959), 482.
28
Plutarch,
Pericles, 17.1.
29
Thucydides,
History of the Peloponnesian War
, 5.26.
30
G. Grundy,
Thucydides and the History of His Age
, vol. 2 (Blackwell, 1948), 220.
31
Thucydides, 5.26.2.
32
Thucydides, 8.132.
33
Porphyry,
De vita pythagorica
, 36.372.
34
Herodotus
, vol. 1, trans. W. Beloe (H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830), 73.
35
B. Sandywell,
Presocratic Reflexivity: The Construction of Philosophical Discourse c. 600–450 BC
(Routledge, 1996), 264–5.
36
L. Edelstein, “The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation and Interpretation,” in
Ancient Medicine
, eds O. and L. Temkin (Johns Hopkins, 1967), 60.
37
Alcidamas,
Rhetoric
, 3.3.4.
38
Xenophon,
Memorabili
, 4.2.15–16.
39
Plato,
The Republic
, 2.373a.
40
Plato,
The Laws
, 7.803d; 8.829a.
41
Ibid., 1.626a.
42
G. Zampaglione,
The Idea of Peace in Antiquity
, trans. R. Dunn (University of Notre Dame, 1973), 131.
43
C. Smith,
Early Rome and Latium: Economy and Society c. 1000 to 500 BC
(Clarendon, 1996), 212.
44
Tacitus,
Life of Agricola
, 3.25.
45
N. Machiavelli,
Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy
, trans. N. Thomson (K. Paul, Trench and Co., 1883), 219.
46
O. Thatcher,
The Roman World
(University Research Extension, 1901), 9–11.
47
Plybius,
Histories
, 4.74.3, my ital.
48
Cicero,
Pro Sestio
, 45.98. J. Johnson,
Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry
(Princeton, 1981), xxi–xxxv.
49
De republica
, III, 23 and 25.
50
Seneca,
Epistola ad Lucilium
, 2.21.
51
Flavius Arrianus,
Discourses of Epictetus
, 3.13.40–1.
52
Ovid,
Fasti
, 1.711–22.
53
Eutropius,
Breviarium historiae romanae
, 9.17.
54
Falvius Vopiscus,
Vita Probi
, 20.
55
Velleius Paterculus,
Roman History
, 2.126.
56
J. Grainger,
Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis
AD 96–99 (Routledge, 2002), 47, 13ff.
57
A. Claridge,
Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide
(Oxford, 1998), 19.

3. Peace in the Ancient East: India, China and Japan

  1
Kautalya,
The Arthashastra
, trans. L. Rangarajan (Penguin, 1992), op. cit.
  2
W. Polk,
Neighbors
&
Strangers: The Fundamentals of Foreign Affairs
(University of Chicago, 1997), 232.
  3
B. Nanamoli and B. Bodhi, trans.,
The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya
(Wisdom, 1995), 533–6.
  4
G. Deng,
The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility
(Routledge, 1999), 88, 99–103.
  5
L. Chang
et al
.,
The Four Political Treatises of the Yellow Emperor
(University of Hawaii, 1998), p. 62.
  6
Wei Z.,
et al., eds. Emperor Kangxi's Instructions on State Management
(Expatriates', 1995), 45.
  7
R. Huang,
China: A Macro History
(Sharpe, 1997), 19.
  8
M. Lewis,
Sanctioned Violence in Early China
(State University of New York, 1990), 92–3.
  9
Y. Lo, “The Formulation of Early Confucian Metaphysics,” in
Imagining Boundaries: Changing Confucian Doctrines, Texts, and Hermeneutics
, eds K. Chow
et al
. (State University of New York Press, 1999), 57–85, p. 70–1.
10
Confucius,
The Analects
, trans. S. Leys (Norton, 1999), 77.
11
W. de Bary
et al
., eds,
Sources of Chinese Tradition
, vol. 1 (Columbia, 1960), 115; my rendition cf. E. Pound,
The Great Digest
and
The Unwobbling Pivot
(Peter Owen, 1968), 30–1.
12
J. Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, trans. J. Foster and C. Hartman (Cambridge, 1999), 81.
13
Chang,
Four Political Treatises
175.
14
Dao De Ching
, ch. 57.
15
B. Watson,
The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu
(Columbia, 1968), 191.
16
Mozi
, trans. W. Mei (Probsthain, 1929), 2.
17
Gernet,
History of Chinese Civilization
, 145.
18
Ibid., 119.
19
Ibid., 132.
20
Ibid., 133.
21
M. Hane,
Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey
(Westview, 1991), 118.
22
K. Henshall,
A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 16.
23
R. Borgen,
Sugawara No Michizane and the Early Heian Court
(University of Hawaii, 1994), 228.
24
H. Ichiro, “Japanese Folk-Beliefs,”
American Anthropologist
, 61 (1959), 405–24.
25
M. de Visser, “The Tengu,”
Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan
, vol. 36 pt. 2 (1908), n.p.
26
B. Burke-Gaffney, “Jaodori,”
Harbor Light
, 2:9 (1987), 7.
27
C. Blomberg,
The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai System in Feudal Japan
(Sandgate, 1994), 83.
28
Ibid., 81.
29
K. Friday,
Samurai: Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan
(Routledge, 2003), 29–32.
30
Ibid., 38.
31
H. Cortazzi, ed.,
Mitford's Japan: The Memoirs and Recollections, 1866– 1906, of Algernon Bertram Mitford, the first Lord Redesdale
(Athlone, 1985), 160.
32
J. Hall, “Japanese Feudal Laws III: The Tokugawa Legislation, Part I,”
Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan,
vol. 38:4 (1911), 288.
33
K. Kawaiumi,
Japan and World Peace
(Macmillan, 1919), 13.
34
J. Behrman, “Transformation of Society: Implications for Globalization,”
Making Globalization Good: The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism
, ed. Dunning (Oxford, 2003), 121–45, 138.
35
C. Haguenauer, “La danse rituelle dans la ceremonie du chinkonsai,”
Journal Asiatique
June(1930), 324–50.
36
Blomberg,
Heart of the Warrior
, 197.
37
W. de Bary, ed.,
Sources of Japanese Tradition,
vol. 1 (Columbia, 1958), 347.
38
I. Nobutaka
et al
.,
Shinto: A Short History
(Routledge, 2003), 170–1.

4. Monotheistic Peaces: Judaism, Christianity and Islam

  1
Zampaglione,
The Idea of Peace in Antiquity
, 192.
  2
Gen. 21: 22–32.
  3
Josh. 9:15.
  4
Isa. 27:5.
  5
I Chr.; 28:3
  6
Job 22:21.
  7
Isa. 32:16–17.
  8
Isa. 11:6 and 57:21.
  9
Isa. 2:4.
10
Philo, “On the Change of Names,” in
Philo
, trans. R. Marcus (Harvard), 267.
11
Luke 2:14.
12
Matt. 5: 9, 38–39, 43–5.
13
Matt. 7:12.
14
Luke 10: 5–6.
15
Matt. 26:52.
16
John 16:33.
17
John 24:27.
18
Eph. 2:17; Col.1:9–20.
19
Gal. 3: 28.
20
I Cor. 14: 33.
21
Eph. 2:14.
22
II Cor. 5:18–19.
23
Thess. 5:3.
24
Justin, “The First Apology,” in
The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325
, vol. 1, trans. and ed. A. Roberts
et al
. (The Christian Literature Publication Co., 1885), 159–88, 163.
25
Tertullian,
Ad martyres
, quoted in Zampaglione,
The Idea of Peace in Antiquity
, 246.
26
J. Dymond,
An Inquiry Into the Accordancy of War with the Principles of Christianity
(Friends Books, 1892), 50.
27
Zampaglione,
The Idea of Peace in Antiquity
, 248.
28
Clement,
Christ, the Educator
, trans. S. Wood (Catholic University of America, 1954), 35.
29
Quoted in Zampaglione,
The Idea of Peace in Antiquity
, 251.
30
Ibid., 252.
31
Ibid., 257.
32
Ibid., 265.
33
Z. Karabell,
Peace Be Upon You: The Story of Muslim, Christian and Jewish Coexistence
(Knopf, 2007), 13.
34
Qur'an 20.47 and 14.23.
35
Qur'an 59.23 and 10.25.
36
Qur'an 2.224.
37
Qur'an 28:36.
38
Qur'an 8.61.
39
Qur'an 49.9.
40
Qur'an 49.10.
41
Qur'an 4.90.
42
Qur'an 2.11.
43
Qur'an 4.91.
44
Qur'an 4.94.
45
Ibid., p. 22.
46
J. Kelsay,
Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics
(Westminster/John Knox, 1993), 47, orig. ital.
47
J. Kelsay and J. Johnson, eds.,
Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions
(Greenwood, 1991), iii.
48
M. Bamyeh,
The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse
(University of Minnesota, 1999), 224.
49
M. Sicker,
The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna
(Praeger, 2000), 10.
50
Qur'an 2: 256.
51
G. Hawting,
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
(Routledge, 2000), ch. 1.
52
Sicker,
Islamic World in Ascendancy
, 2.
53
Ibid.
54
S. Qasha,
Christians in the Muslim State
(Dar al-Malak, 2002), 67.

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