Polio Wars (116 page)

1.
Mavis Kenny “The Children's Hospital,” June 1 1960, [enclosed in] Joseph E. Shaner to Dear Board Member [1960], George E. Bennett Papers, #503122, Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

2.
Richard Carter
The Gentle Legions
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961), 92, 96.

3.
“
I Knew Sister Kenny: The Story of a Great Lady and Little People
by Herbert J. Levine, M.D.” [announcement] Christopher Publishing House, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; Herbert J. Levine
I Knew Sister Kenny: The Story of a Great Lady and Little People
(Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1954).

4.
Jacob von Heine, Oskar Medin, Ivar Wickman, Karl Landsteiner, Jonas Salk, Thomas Rivers, Charles Armstrong, John Paul, Albert Sabin, Thomas Francis, Joseph Melnick, Isabel Morgan, Howard Howe, David Bodian, John Enders, Franklin Roosevelt, Basil O'Connor; “Leaders in Campaign Against Polio Are Honored at Warm Springs”
New York Times
January 3 1958.

5.
Dorothy and Philip Sterling
Polio Pioneers: The Story of the Fight Against Polio
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1955), 47, 76.

6.
Richard Carter
Breakthrough: The Saga of Jonas Salk
(New York: Pocket Books, 1967); John Rowland
The Polio Man: The Story of Dr. Jonas Salk
(New York: Roy Publishers, 1961); John Rowan Wilson
Margin of Safety: The Story of the Poliomyelitis Vaccine
(London: Collins, 1963); Greer Williams
Virus Hunters
(New York: Knopf, 1959); Robert Coughlan
The Coming Victory over Polio
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954).

7.
“Polio Fund Plans Arthritis Drive”
New York Times
July 13 1958; “March of Dimes Picks Poster Child”
New York Times
November 5 1959; David Rose “March of Dimes Poster Children/National Ambassadors Personal Medical Conditions” October 4, 2005, MOD.

8.
Vivian R. Humphrey “Your Journal and Mine”
California Journal of Physical Therapy
(September 1948) 4: 3; see also Humanitarian, letter to editor,
Toowoomba Chronicle
December 2 1952.

9.
“Sister Kenny Dies; Fought Polio 43 Years”
Chicago Daily Tribune
November 30 1952.

10.
“Sister Kenny”
New York Times
December 1 1952.

11.
Jungeblut to Dear Mr. Kline, December 2 1952, Box 2, Ke-Kn, Jungeblut Papers, NLM.

12.
Jungeblut to Dear Sir [Editor,
New York Times
], December 2 1952, Box 2, N, Jungeblut Papers, NLM.

13.
Waldemar Kaempffert to Dear Dr. Jungeblut, December 4 1952, Box 2, Ka, Jungeblut Papers, NLM.

14.
Jungeblut to Dear Mr. Kaempffert, December 19 1952, Box 2, Ka, Jungeblut Papers, NLM. On KF funding of Jungeblut's research at Columbia see Marvin Kline in
Health Inquiry (Poliomyelitis): Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eight-Third Congress First Session on The Causes, Control, and Remedies of the Principal Disease on Mankind
[Part 3 October 6 1953] (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1953), 609–610.

15.
Claus Jungeblut to Dear Mr. Kline, December 2 1953, Box 2, Se-Sm, Jungeblut Papers, NLM; Franz J. Kallmann to Dear Claus [Jungeblut], June 21 1954, Box 2, Ka, Jungeblut Papers, NLM.

16.
Fred R. Klenner to Dear Dr. Jungeblut, June 1 1954, Box 2, Ke-Kn, Jungeblut Papers, NLM.

17.
Claus Jungeblut in
Health Inquiry (Poliomyelitis)
[Part 3 October 6 1953], 634–638; see also Claus W. Jungeblut and Gonzalo Bautista Jr. “Further Experiments on the Selective Susceptibility of Spider Monkeys to Poliomyelitis Infection”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
(1956) 99: 103–107.

18.
“Claus Jungeblut, Bacteriologist, 78”
New York Times
February 2 1976. In the early twenty-first century his 1930s research on polio and vitamin C was rediscovered by a new group of alternative healers who claimed him as a forgotten heroic nutrition researcher; see
A. W. Saul “Taking the Cure: Claus Washington Jungeblut, M.D.: Polio Pioneers, Ascorbate Advocate”
Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
(2006) 21: 102–106.

19.
“Death of Sister Kenny”
JAMA
(January 3 1953) 151: 53; Miland E. Knapp, Lewis Sher and Theodore S. Smith “Results of Kenny Treatment of Acute Poliomyelitis: Present Status of Three Hundred Ninety-One Patients Treatment Between 1940 an d 1945”
JAMA
(January 10 1953) 151: 117–120; “Subject Index: Poliomyelitis”
JAMA
(April 25 1953) 151: 1570–1571.

20.
“Sister Kenny”
British Medical Journal
(December 6 1952) 2: 1262.

21.
“Sister Kenny: H. J. Seddon”
British Medical Journal
(December 6 1952) 2: 1262–1263.

22.
H. J. Seddon [review of] “[Kenny]
And They Shall Walk
”
British Medical Journal
(April 12 1952) 1: 802–803.

23.
“Sister Kenny”
Lancet
(December 6 1952) 260: 1123.

24.
Jean Macnamara “Elizabeth Kenny”
Medical Journal of Australia
(February 17 1953) 1: 85. Macnamara herself was moving away from the field of polio care. While she remained an orthopedic consultant at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, by the late 1940s she was caught up in a heated newspaper exchange about the use of the myxoma virus to control Australian rabbits. The debate led to further testing in Victoria and success when the virus became epizootic in 1951, leading to significant savings for initially skeptical wool-growers and Macnamara's renewed reputation as a virus expert; Ann G. Smith “Macnamara, Dame Annie Jean (1899–1968)”
Australian Dictionary of Biography
, Vol. 10 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1986), 345–347; Brian Coman
Tooth and Nail: The Story of the Rabbit in Australia
(Melbourne: Text Publishing, 1999), 128–135.

25.
“The Passing of Sister Elizabeth Kenny”
British Journal of Nursing
(January 1953) 101: 3.

26.
[Mildred Elson, Editorial] “Sister Elizabeth Kenny”
Physical Therapy Review
(February 1953) 33: 81.

27.
Marilyn Moffat “The History of Physical Therapy Practice in the United States”
Journal of Physical Therapy Education
(2003) 17: 15–25.

28.
Gregory D. Black
The Catholic Crusade Against the Movies, 1940–1975
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 67–71.

29.
[Cohn interview with] Mary McCarthy, April 4 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K. On McCarthyism see Ellen Schrecker
Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America
(Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1998); David M. Oshinsky
A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
(New York: The Free Press, 1983); David K. Johnson
The Lavender Menace: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).

30.
“Sister Kenny Awards Presented to Hospital”
Los Angeles Times
January 19 1956; “Rosalind Russell Gives Tiny Patient Welcome”
Los Angeles Times
January 29 1956; see also Hedda Hopper “Betrothal Party for Bette Davis' Daughter”
Chicago Tribune
June 28 1963. In the early 1950s Russell toured with the comedy “Bell, Book and Candle” and then began a successful Broadway career, earning a Tony Award in 1953 for her portrayal of Ruth in the Broadway show “Wonderful Town,” a musical based on her 1942 film
My Sister Eileen
. Russell's great success was the lead role in “Auntie Mame” for which she received a Tony nomination in 1957 and an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe award as the star in the 1958 movie version. During the 1960s Russell's movie career expanded with roles as an older still feisty woman in films such as
Gypsy
(1962) and
The Trouble with Angels
(1966); Bernard F. Dick
Forever Mame: The Life of Rosalind Russell
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2006), 224–230.

31.
Rosalind Russell and Chris Chase
Life Is a Banquet
(New York: Random House, 1977), 143–144.

32.
Henry Thomas
Lives to Remember: Sister Kenny
(London: Adam and Charles Black, 1958), 95. Other
Lives to Remember
volumes included Oliver Cromwell, Louis Pasteur, Helen Keller, Isaac Newton, and Elizabeth Garret Anderson.

33.
Alan Jenkins “Adventure in Perseverance: The Nurse from Australia” in Alan Jenkins ed.
The Girl Book of Modern Adventures
(London: Hulton Press, 1952), 81.

34.
Adele de Leeuw and Cateau de Leeuw
Nurses Who Led the Way
(Racine, WI: Whitman Publishing Co., 1957).

35.
Frances Wilkins
Six Great Nurses: Louise de Marillac,
Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, Dorothy Patterson, Edith Cavell, Elizabeth Kenny
(London: Hamilton, 1962); Robin McKown
Heroic Nurses
(New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1966).

36.
James Stacey “Victor Cohn, Dean of Science Writers, Dies at 80,”
www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408047
, accessed on 7/15/2011; “Science Writer Victor Cohn Dies”
Minneapolis Star-Tribune
February 15 2000; see also Lucy Y. Her “Victor Cohn, 80, Science, Medicine Writer”
Minneapolis Star-Tribune
February 14 2000,
www.startribune.com/templates/11598646
, 7/15/2011; Cohn “Angry Angel”
Minneapolis Tribune
October 29–November 18, 1953.

37.
Cohn
Four Billion Dimes
(Minneapolis: Minneapolis Star and Tribune, 1955).

38.
Morris [Fishbein] to Dear Basil [O'Connor], January 26 1953, Public History, MOD.

39.
[Cohn interview with] Morris Fishbein, November 16 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

40.
[Cohn interview with] Basil O'Connor, June 20 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

41.
Cohn to Mrs. Julia Farquarson, June 8 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K. He was arriving entrusted with a new task: the Minnesota Historical Society had asked him to “secure her files and papers now in Toowoomba” and authorized him “to make an offer.”

42.
[Cohn interview with] Robert Bingham, May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

43.
[Cohn phone interview with] John Enders, March 28 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS.

44.
[Cohn interview with] John Pohl and Betty Pohl, May 12 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; [Cohn second interview with] John Pohl, October 2 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

45.
Cohn to Dear Stuart and Mary [McCracken], July 22 1955, Kenny Collection, Box 2, Fryer Library.

46.
Julia Farquarson to Cohn, October 10 1954, Cohn Papers, MHS-K. She had especially disliked his assumption that Kenny had considered Mary Kenny McCracken as her “adopted daughter.” Kenny, Farquarson told Cohn, had seen Mary only as her adopted ward, and Mary had called her by “Sister” not “Mother,” which “surely … speaks for itself.”

47.
Cohn to Mrs. Julia Farquarson, June 16 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

48.
Julia Farquarson to Cohn, May 23 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; Julia Farquarson to Cohn, October 10 1954, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

49.
Cohn to Harry Summers, January 24 1956, Cohn Papers, MHS-K. He met physicians, friends, and relatives, one of Chuter's former assistants, a
Women's Weekly
reporter, and looked at files in government archives and at Queensland and Sydney newspapers.

50.
Duhig to Cohn, November 16 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K. Duhig pointed out that her belief “that a hot pack could alter the lesion in the spinal cord” would be analogous “to treating the headache of a brain tumor with aspirin.”

51.
[Cohn interview with] J. V. Duhig, November 14 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

52.
[Cohn interview with] Sir Raphael Cilento, November 16 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; Cohn to Summers, January 24 1956; see also Douglas Gordon “Sir Raphael West Cilento”
Medical Journal of Australia
(1985) 143: 259–260.

53.
Cohn to Summers, January 24 1956.

54.
[Cohn interview with] James Guinane, November 23 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

55.
Howard A. Rusk “Kenny Fund Expansion”
New York Times
August 24 1958; “$735,459 Awarded As Research Grants”
Washington Post and Times Herald
May 15 1958.

56.
Marvin L. Kline “The Most Unforgettable Character I've Met”
Reader's Digest
(August 1959) 75: 203–208; see also Rusk “Kenny Fund Expansion.” The KF had funded trials of the Lederle oral vaccine in the late 1950s, under Dr. Martins da Silva, a University of Minnesota pediatrician from Brazil; Paul
A History
, 344–345.

57.
Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 240–247; “Challenges Expenses of Kenny Fund”
Chicago Tribune
April 2 1960.

58.
Larry Fitzmaurice “Mayo Doctor to Head Kenny”
Minneapolis Star
September 9 1960. See also a rumor that an El Monte board member had pocketed funds; Alexander
Maverick
, 204.

59.
“Kline Resigns as Director of Kenny Group”
Minneapolis Tribune
March 29 1960.

60.
D.W. Frear, “The Good Name of Sister Kenny” letter to editor,
Minneapolis Star
July 7 1960; “Irregularities Are Charged In Sister Kenny Fund Drive”
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
June 27 1960; “Challenges Expenses of Kenny Fund.”

61.
“Keeping Perspective”
Minneapolis Tribune
April 6 1960.