Political Speeches (Oxford World's Classics) (5 page)

The translator needs to decide how he is going to render the Roman names that are mentioned in the text: prominent Romans generally had at least three names (
praenomen
,
nomen
, and
cognomen
), but normally only one or two are used when the person is referred to. My own practice has been to translate the names exactly as Cicero gives them, adding (where necessary) an explanatory note at the end of the book giving the full form of the name together with any other relevant information. This allows the translation to present an accurate reflection of the Romans’ customs of naming. Some prominent Romans have a traditional English version of their name which will be more familiar to readers than their Latin name. I have therefore written ‘Gnaeus Pompeius’, ‘Lucius Catilina’, and ‘Marcus Antonius’ in the text, but ‘Pompey’, ‘Catiline’, and ‘(Mark) Antony’ in the introductions and notes. Where Cicero refers to Catiline without
praenomen
, however, as he almost invariably does (in order to abuse him), I have written ‘Catiline’, not ‘Catilina’.

Finally, I should mention the paragraphing—the first matter to which a translator turns his attention. The medieval manuscripts of Cicero’s speeches do not preserve Cicero’s original paragraphing (if there ever was any, which is unlikely), and since the text of Cicero is very difficult to divide up, modern editions tend to insert new paragraphs only every several pages. The decision as to where to start a new paragraph requires one to think very hard about the structure of the argument, and I have found this almost the most difficult aspect of my task. I have reparagraphed the entire text, and I hope that the
new paragraphing will substantially aid the understanding of these speeches.

Some authors, particularly poets, are simply untranslatable: a translation cannot provide an experience which is close enough to that of reading the original to be satisfactory. Cicero is not one of these authors; and it is my hope that these translations will indeed convey some impression of his extraordinary mastery of language, his intelligence, his persuasive power, his lively sense of humour, and the fluency, vividness, and beauty of his writing. But reading the original, of course, is an experience of a different order from that of reading a translation. Many people who are reading this book will be doing so at a point in their lives when they have an opportunity to learn some Latin. If you are one of them, I hope that this book will encourage you to seize that opportunity.

F
OR
each speech I have translated the most satisfactory existing edition of the Latin text, with occasional departures from it. These editions, and my departures from them, are listed below. The numerous differences of paragraphing and punctuation are not recorded (such features have no ancient authority, but are added by editors according to their understanding of the sense).

Text: A. Klotz, Teubner (Leipzig, 1923).

Text: A. Klotz, Teubner (Leipzig, 1949).

Text: A. C. Clark, Oxford Classical Text (Oxford, 1905).

Text: T. Maslowski, Teubner (Munich and Leipzig, 2003).

Text: A. C. Clark, Oxford Classical Text (Oxford, 1918
²
).

Text: J. T. Ramsey, Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics (Cambridge, 2003).

Articles (but not books) in foreign languages are excluded.

Albrecht, M. von,
Cicero’s Style: A Synopsis
(
Mnemosyne
, Suppl. 245; Leiden and Boston, 2003) (
Ver
. II.5,
Marc
.).

Alexander, M. C.,
Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50
BC
(
Phoenix
, Suppl. 26; Toronto etc., 1990).

———
The Case for the Prosecution in the Ciceronian Era
(Ann Arbor, 2002) (
Ver
.).

Atkinson, J. M.,
Our Masters’ Voices: The Language and Body Language of Politics
(London and New York, 1984).

Berry, D. H., ‘
Equester Ordo Tuus Est
: Did Cicero Win his Cases because of his Support for the
Equites
?’,
CQ
, NS 53 (2003), 222–34.

——— ‘Oratory’, in S. J. Harrison (ed.),
A Companion to Latin Literature
(Oxford, 2005), 257–69.

——— and Heath, M., ‘Oratory and Declamation’, in S. E. Porter (ed.),
Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period 330
BC
–AD400
(Leiden, 1997), 393–420.

Broughton, T. R. S.,
The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
, i (New York, 1951), ii (New York, 1952), iii (Atlanta, 1986).

Butler, S.,
The Hand of Cicero
(London and New York, 2002) (
Ver
.,
Cat
. 3,
Phil
. 2).

Clarke, M. L., rev. D. H. Berry,
Rhetoric at Rome: A Historical Survey
³
(London, 1996).

Classen, C. J.,
Recht-Rhetorik-Politik: Untersuchungen zu Ciceros rhetorischer Strategie
(Darmstadt, 1985) (
Imp
.).

Corbeill, A.,
Controlling Laughter: Political Humor in the Late Roman Republic
(Princeton, 1996).

Craig, C. P.,
Form as Argument in Cicero’s Speeches: A Study of Dilemma
(APA American Classical Studies, 31; Atlanta, 1993) (
Phil
. 2).

Crook, J. A., Lintott, A. W., and Rawson, E. D.,
The Cambridge Ancient History
²
, ix:
The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43
BC
(Cambridge, 1994).

Dorey, T. A. (ed.),
Cicero
(London, 1964), esp. ch. 3 by R. G. M. Nisbet (
Ver
.,
Cat
.,
Marc
.,
Phil
.).

Douglas, A. E.,
Cicero
²
(Oxford, 1979).

Fuhrmann, M.,
Cicero and the Roman Republic
, trans. W. E. Yuill (Oxford, 1992).

Greenidge, A. H. J.,
The Legal Procedure of Cicero’s Time
(Oxford, 1901).

Gruen, E. S.,
Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, 149–78
BC
(Cambridge, Mass., 1968).

———
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(London, 1974).

Habicht, C.,
Cicero the Politician
(Baltimore and London, 1990).

Jones, A. H. M.,
The Criminal Courts of the Roman Republic and Principate
(Oxford, 1972).

Kennedy, G. A., ‘The Rhetoric of Advocacy in Greece and Rome’,
AJP
89 (1968), 419–36.

———
The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World, 300
BC
–AD300
(Princeton, 1972).

Laurand, L.,
Études sur le style des discours de Cicéron
⁴
, 3 vols. (Paris, 1936–8).

Ludwig, W., and Stroh, W. (eds.),
Éloquence et rhétorique chez Cicéron
(Entretiens sur l’antiquité classique, 28; Geneva, 1982) (W. Stroh:
Phil
.).

MacKendrick, P.,
The Speeches of Cicero: Context, Law, Rhetoric
(London, 1995) (
Imp
.,
Cat
.,
Marc
.).

May, J. M.,
Trials of Character: The Eloquence of Ciceronian Ethos
(Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1988) (
Ver
. I,
Cat
. 2).

——— (ed.),
Brill’s Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric
(Leiden etc., 2002).

Millar, F.,
The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic
(Ann Arbor, 1998).

Mitchell, T. N.,
Cicero: The Ascending Years
(New Haven and London, 1979).

———
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(New Haven and London, 1991).

Morstein-Marx, R.,
Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic
(Cambridge, 2004).

Neumeister, C.,
Grundsätze der forensischen Rhetorik gezeigt an Gerichtsreden Ciceros
(Munich, 1964).

Powell, J. G. F., and Paterson, J. J. (eds.),
Cicero the Advocate
(Oxford, 2004).

Rawson, E. D.,
Cicero: A Portrait
(London, 1975).

Riggsby, A. M.,
Crime and Community in Ciceronian Rome
(Austin, 1999), ch. 5 (
Ver
.).

Shackleton Bailey, D. R.,
Onomasticon to Cicero’s Speeches
²
(Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1992).

Steel, C. E. W.,
Cicero, Rhetoric, and Empire
(Oxford, 2001) (
Ver
.,
Imp
.).

———
Reading Cicero: Genre and Performance in Late Republican Rome
(London, 2005).

Stockton, D. L.,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(Oxford, 1971).

Stroh, W.,
Taxis und Taktik: Die advokatische Dispositionskunst in Ciceros Gerichtsreden
(Stuttgart, 1975).

Vasaly, A.,
Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory
(Berkeley etc., 1993) (
Ver
.,
Cat
. 1, 3).

Wiedemann, T. E. J.,
Cicero and the End of the Roman Republic
(London, 1994).

Winterbottom, M., ‘Schoolroom and Courtroom’, in B. Vickers (ed.),
Rhetoric Revalued
(Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 19; New York, 1982), 59–70.

Alexander, M. C., ‘Hortensius’ Speech in Defense of Verres’,
Phoenix
, 30 (1976), 46–53.

Brunt, P. A., ‘Patronage and Politics in the
Verrines
’,
Chiron
, 10 (1980), 273–89.

Canter, H. V., ‘The Impeachments of Verres and Hastings: Cicero and Burke’,
CJ
9 (1914), 199–211.

Dilke, O. A. W., ‘Divided Loyalties in Eastern Sicily under Verres’,
Ciceroniana
, 4 (1980), 43–51.

Frazel, T. D., ‘The Composition and Circulation of Cicero’s
In Verrem
’,
CQ
, NS 54 (2004), 128–42.

Levens, R. G. C.,
Cicero:
Verrine
5
(London, 1946).

McDermott, W. C., ‘The Verrine Jury’,
Rheinisches Museum
, 120 (1977), 64–75.

Mitchell, T. N.,
Cicero:
Verrines
II.1
(Warminster, 1986).

Nisbet, R. G. M., ‘The Orator and the Reader: Manipulation and Response in Cicero’s
Fifth Verrine
’, in A. J. Woodman and J. G. F. Powell (eds.),
Author and Audience in Latin Literature
(Cambridge, 1992), 1–17.