Pox (74 page)

3
J. P. Leake, “United States Lags in Fight Against Smallpox,”
Science News Letter
, 29 (1936), 213. A. W. Hedrich, “Changes in the Incidence and Fatality of Smallpox in Recent Decades,”
PHR
, 51 (Apr. 3, 1936): 363–92. Robert D. Johnston,
The Radical Middle Class
, 183.

4
“The Anti-Vaccinationists,”
Southern Medical Journal
, 14 (1921), 503.
Zucht v. King
, 260 U.S. 174 (1922).

5
Williams quoted in “Medicine: Smallpox Epidemic.”

6
Hedrich, “Changes in the Incidence and Fatality of Smallpox,” 366. Judith Walzer Leavitt, “ ‘Be Safe. Be Sure.': New York City's Experience with Epidemic Smallpox,” in
Hives of Sickness: Public Health and Epidemics in New York City
, ed. David Rosner (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 95–114.

7
Albert et al., “Last Smallpox Epidemic,” 378. J. V. Irons et al., “Outbreak of Smallpox in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in 1949,”
AJPH
, 43 (1953): 25–29.

8
Charles L. Jackson, “State Laws on Compulsory Immunization in the United States,”
Public Health Reports
, 84 (1969), 787–95, esp. 788, 789. Judith Sealander,
The Failed Century of the Child,
esp. 330, 338, 352.

9
Albert et al., “Last Smallpox Epidemic,” 378. C. Henry Kempe, “The End of Routine Smallpox Vaccination in the United States,”
Pediatrics
, 49 (1972): 489–92.

10
D. A. Henderson,
Smallpox: The Death of a Disease
, esp. 26, 53. Erez Manela, “A Pox on Your Narrative: Writing Disease Control into Cold War History,”
Diplomatic History
, 34 (2010): 299–323.

11
Henderson,
Smallpox
, 14, 90–92. Manela, “Pox on Your Narrative,” 316.

12
Stanley Music quoted in Paul Greenough, “Intimidation, Coercion and Resistance in the Final Stages of the South Asian Smallpox Eradication Campaign,”
Social Science & Medicine
, 41 (1995): 635–36. Ibid., 643. See also Manela, “Pox on Your Narrative,” esp. 316–17.

13
Henderson,
Smallpox
, 239, 245, esp. 249. Edward A. Belongia and Allison L. Naleway, “Smallpox Vaccine: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly,”
Clinical Medicine and Research
, 1 (2003): 88.

14
Henderson,
Smallpox
, 269–86.

15
Ibid., 296–97. Jon Cohen and Martin Enserink, “Rough-and-Tumble Behind Bush's Smallpox Policy,”
Science
, Dec. 20, 2002, 2312–16.

16
Massimo Calabresi, “Was Smallpox Overhyped?”
Time
, Jul. 26, 2004, 16. Madeline Drexler, “A Pox on America,”
Nation
, Apr. 28, 2003, 7–8. “Fear of Vaccine,”
CQ Researcher
, Jan. 13, 2006, 39. Jocelyn Kaiser, “Report Faults Smallpox Vaccination,”
Science
, Mar. 11, 2005, 1540. Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “National Programs to Vaccinate for Smallpox Come to a Halt,”
NYT
, June 19, 2003. Pamela Sankar et al., “Public Mistrust: The Unrecognized Risk of the CDC Smallpox Vaccination Program,”
American Journal of Bioethics
, 3 (2003): W22–W25. “U.S. Smallpox Vaccine Programme Stalls as Volunteers Balk,”
Lancet
, May 10, 2003, 1626. Pascale M. Wortley et al., “Healthcare Workers Who Elected Not to Receive Smallpox Vaccination,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
, 30 (2006): 258–65.

17
Kathleen S. Swendiman, “Mandatory Vaccinations: Precedent and Current Laws,” Congressional Research Service, CRS Report for Congress, Oct. 26, 2009. Sealander,
Failed Century of the Child
, 323–25.

18
“Refusing Kids' Vaccine More Common Among Parents,”
USA Today
, May 3, 2010. See
Mead v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
, U.S. Court of Federal Claims, Office of Special Masters, E-Filed: March 12, 2010, esp. 164.
http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/Campbell-Smith%20Mead%20Autism%20Decision.pdf
, accessed July 8, 2010. See “Vaccine Court Finds No Link to Autism,”
CNN.com
, Mar. 12, 2010; Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “3 Rulings Find No Link to Vaccines and Autism,”
NYT
, Mar. 12, 2010. See also Gary L. Freed et al., “Parental Vaccine Safety Concerns in 2009,”
Pediatrics
, 125 (2010): 654–59; and Saad B. Omer et al., “Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases,”
NEJM
, 360 (2009): 1981–88.

19
Philip J. Smith et al., “Children Who Have Received No Vaccines: Who Are They and Where Do They Live?”
Pediatrics
, 114 (2004): 187–95. For a revealing argument about contemporary antivaccination sentiment, see Dan Kahan, “Fixing the Communications Failure,”
Nature
, 463 (2010): 296–97.

abolitionism

abortion

Adams, E. J.

Adams, John

Addams, Jane

administrative power

African Americans

Birmingham outbreak and

civil rights of

close living conditions of

compulsory vaccination and

epidemics of 1898–1903 and

equal protection clause and

health of

life expectancy of

Middlesboro outbreak and

as miners

mistrust of white medicine

occupations of

as physicians

scapegoating of

smallpox as disease of

vaccination rate

as vaccine refusers

Wertenbaker on

whites and.
See
race/racism

in Wilmington outbreak

Aguinaldo, Emilio

Alabama
See also
specific places

Alaska

alastrim

Alden, C. H.

Alexander Company

Alger, Cyrus

Alger, Russell A.

All Nations Block

American Association, Inc.

American Association, Ltd.

American Medical Association

American Tobacco Company

Amerige, C. W.

Ames, Azel

Ames, John

Anderson, Scott

anti-imperialism

antimonopoly

antivaccinationism/antivaccinationists

abolitionism and

antimonopoly resentments and

in Boston

in California

in Cambridge, Massachusetts

children's welfare and

Christian Scientists as

as civil disobedience

data used by

as dissenting political speech

effect on public opinion

in England

faith healers as

history of

Jacobson
decision and

lack of coordination among

laws

lawsuits.
See
vaccination lawsuits

lawyers specializing in

legislation

literature of

medical licensing and

modern

Mormons and

opposition to

other causes espoused by

parents as

physicians and

as political act

post-
Jacobson

progressiveness and, relationship between

prosecution for

radical libertarianism and

reasons for

significance of

smallpox solutions offered by

social class of

societies of
See also specific societies

of southern whites

strategies of

Supreme Court case.
See Jacobson v. Massachusetts
in Sweden

tensions revealed by

in the United States
See also Jacobson v. Massachusetts

vaccine quality issue and

vaccine refusers as distinct from

victories of

in Wilmington outbreak

working class and

Anti-Vaccination League of America

Anti-Vaccination Society of America

army

British

Continental

as force for public health
See also
Medical Department of the U.S. Army

French

of Northern Virginia

Prussian

Union

U.S.
See
Army, U.S.

Army, U.S.
See also
soldiers, U.S.

camps

exceptional humanity of

Medical Department.
See
Medical Department of the U.S. Army

misconduct

sanitary campaigns of.
See
military medicine/ sanitary campaigns

Third Separate Brigade

Army Medical School

army surgeons

disease causation, ideas about

duties of

education of

line officers as superior to

mustering of

Arthur, Alexander

Arthur, Chester A.

Atlantic City

Aud, A. Z.

Augustana Lutheran Church

autism

Babcock, J. W.

bacteria

Balangiga, Philippines

Ball, Charles Dudley

Ballard, Henry

Balmis, Francisco Xavier de

Bancroft, Hugh

Bangladesh

Bank of Barings Brothers

Barbour, George M.

Barlow, James M.

Barnes, Albert C.

Barton, Clara

Batangas, Philippines

Bavaria

Beasley, C. Oscar

Beatty, T. B.

Bedford, Massachusetts

Belgium

Bell, Austin

Bell, James Franklin

Bell County, Kentucky

Board of Health

Bell County Fiscal Court

Belt, J. H.

Benjamin, Dowling

beriberi

Billings, John Shaw

Bill of Rights

biologics

Biologics Control Act

Birmingham, Alabama
See also
Birmingham outbreak

Birmingham outbreak

African Americans and

compulsory vaccination

cost of

federal intervention in

Middlesboro outbreak compared to

Birmingham Quarantine Hospital

Blackstone, William

Blair, Samuel

Blauvelt, Alonzo

Blue, Frank D.

Bluffton, Indiana

Blunt, W. T.

boards of health
See also specific boards

Boer War

Bohemia

Boone, Daniel

Booth, C. S.

Boston

antivaccinationism in

Board of Health

compulsory vaccination in

death rate from smallpox

last epidemic

municipal police force

pesthouse in

smallpox control in

smallpox outbreak in

vaccination rate

Boston City Hospital

Bourns, Frank S.

bovine vaccine

advantages of

in Italy

U.S. introduction

Boyd County, Kentucky

Boylston, Zabdiel

Bracken, Henry M.

Bradford, Harry

Bradley, Joseph

Bradley, W. O.

Brandeis, Louis D.

Branham, John William

Breen, Michael

Brewer, David J.

Bristol, Pennsylvania

Brooklyn

Brooklyn Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League

Brower, Sarah

Brower, William

Brownlow, Walter P.

Bryan, Williams Jenning

bubonic plague

Buck, Carrie

Burchell, J. R.

Burke, Eliza

Bush, George W.

Bushey, S. G.

Butler, James

Butler, Kate

Caballo, Molino

Caballo, Mrs.

Caballo's saloon

California

antivaccinationism in

compulsory vaccination in

Cambridge, Massachusetts

antivaccinationism in

Board of Health

compulsory vaccination in

death rate from smallpox

smallpox control in

smallpox outbreak in

vaccine refusers in

Camden, New Jersey

Board of Education

Board of Health

children of

smallpox in

vaccine crisis.
See
Camden vaccine crisis

Camden Medical Society

Camden vaccine crisis

H. K. Mulford Company's complicity in

investigation of

liability for

newspapers and

number vaccinated

parents' response to

physicians'response to

postvaccination tetanus

school strike

Camp Alger

Campbell, F. T.

camps

army

of Cuban
reconcentrados