Red Orchestra (56 page)

15
. Günther Weisenborn, “Reich Secret,” in Eric Boehm,
We Survived,
p. 195.

16
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 270.

17
. Although the promotion was welcome, it was not a sign of special favor. Harro took five years to reach the rank of lieutenant, which was not remarkable progress in a period of rapid military expansion.

18
. Weisenborn, “Reich Secret,” in Eric Boehm,
We Survived,
p. 192.

19
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 275.

20
. Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 104.

21
. Robert Tucker,
Stalin in Power,
p. 603.

22
. Ibid., pp. 606–607, and Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich,
p. 669.

23
. Robert Conquest,
The Great Terror,
p. 402.

24
. Ruth Fischer,
Stalin and German Communism,
pp. 446, 605.

25
. “Poland: Misery, Pride and Fear Call the Tune for the Post-War State Called Poland,”
Life,
August 29, 1938, pp. 46–56.

26
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 277.

27
. George Kennan,
Memoirs, 1925–1950,
p. 108.

28
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
pp. 278–280.

29
. Hugo Buschmann, quoted in Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 280.

1
. John Waller,
The Unseen War in Europe,
p. 17.

2
. William Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich,
p. 596.

3
. Richard Breitman,
Official Secrets,
p. 84.

4
. Peter Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance,
p. 265.

5
. Terry Parssinen,
The Oster Conspiracy of 1938,
p. 7.

6
. Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance,
p. 103.

7
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 228; and Giles MacDonogh,
A Good German,
p. 235. Author interviews with Genie Allenby and Rainer von Harnack.

8
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 258.

9
. Ibid., p. 259.

10
. Ibid., p. 240.

11
. Eric Boehm,
We Survived,
p. xviii.

12
. Nicholaus Wachmann,
Hitler's Prisons,
p. 56. Over the fourteen years of the
Weimar government, 1,141 death sentences were passed, but only 184 people were executed, and many influential leaders argued for the abolishment of the death penalty. See also Brigitte Oleschinski,
Gedenkstätte Plötzensee,
p. 15.

13
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 226.

14
. Stefan Roloff and Mario Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 124.

15
. Welles was the nephew and namesake of famed abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner.

16
. Ensnared by innuendo about his personal life, Welles was forced out of the State Department a few years later.

17
. Donald Heath to Sumner Welles, October 21, 1940, FDR Library (online), box 31.

18
. Russell S. Garner, “My Brush with History,”
American Heritage Magazine,
September/October 1990. As a young FBI agent Garner tailed Trott to the Washington Monument, Mount Vernon, and a pacifist convention, only to have Trott stop him on the street “with a knowing smile on his face” and ask him how to get to the German embassy. “Our investigation produced no evidence indicating that he had engaged in subversive activity while in Washington … for the very good reason that he was a dedicated anti-Nazi and an avowed enemy of Adolf Hitler, a fact that I learned only long after the war,” he wrote.

19
. See “Restless Conscience” by Hava Beller, PBS. See also Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance,
pp. 117–119. Trott wrote a memorandum on the German situation that the Roosevelt administration ignored. An exiled German newspaper editor tried to help him publish a version of it in
The Atlantic,
but that effort failed as well.

20
. In 1944, Trott attempted to set up a meeting with the Soviet ambassador in Sweden through sociologist Gunnar Myrdal. See Walter A. Jackson,
Gunnar Myrdal and America's Conscience,
p. 184. See also Zechlin memoir, GDW archive; Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
pp. 106, 319.

21
. Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance,
p. 252.

22
. George Kennan,
Memoirs,
p. 118. Kennan regretted his position in later years, and like Allen Dulles, wrote that the United States had lost an important opportunity to work with the German resistance. Kennan believed that the entire U.S. policy had been based on a set of false premises, emphasizing the need to put Germans “in their place” over the possibility of working with German antifascists to save lives and avert calamity.

23
. Leopold Trepper,
The Great Game,
pp. 102–103.

24
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 280; David Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 97.

25
. Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich,
p. 669.

26
. Griebel, Coburger, and Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 61. See also Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
pp. 115–116.

27
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 236–237
‘
.

28
. Ibid., p. 238.

29
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 270.

30
. Roloff and Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 121.

31
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 260.

32
.
Glenarvon
's director, Max Kimmich, often hired Adam to write dialogue. Kim-mich's career had soared after he married Joseph Goebbels's youngest sister. See Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 261.

33
. Ibid.

1
. John Sieg papers, GDW archive, p. 31.

2
. John Sieg,
Einer von Millionen Spricht,
preface.

3
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 259.

4
. Interview with Hermann Grosse, GDW archive, p. 7.

5
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 274.

6
. See Stefan Roloff, and Mario Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 85.

7
. Graudenz was praised in
Scribner
's magazine, 1939.

8
. See the Bauhaus-Archiv,
http://www.bauhaus.de/english/bauhaus1919/kunst/kunst_mappe_gropius.htm
.

9
. Author interview with Karin Graudenz Reetz, November 2007.

10
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
pp. 98–99, 106–107.

11
. Author interview with Sophie Templar-Kuh, February 2007.

12
. Terry Parssinen,
The Oster Conspiracy of 1938,
pp. 172–173.

13
. Agostino von Hassell and Sigrid MacRae,
Alliance of Enemies,
p. 79.

14
. John Waller,
The Unseen War in Europe,
p. 126. See also Joachim Fest,
Plotting Hitler's Death,
p. 141.

15
. Interviewed in “Restless Conscience” (documentary) by Hava Kovav Beller.

16
. Allen Dulles,
Germany's Underground,
pp. 60–61.

17
. Parssinen,
The Oster Conspiracy of 1938,
p. 174.

18
. See Anne O'Hare McCormick, “Four Capitals of Destiny”
New York Times Magazine,
April 23, 1939.

19
. William Shirer,
Berlin Diary,
p. 336.

20
. Ibid., p. 451.

21
. Ibid., pp. 460–601.

22
. Waller,
The Unseen War in Europe,
pp. 154–156.

23
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 301; Inge-borg Malek-Kohler,
Im Windschatten des Dritten Reiches.

24
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
pp. 304–305.

25
. Ibid., p. 304.

26
. Alexander Kirk to Marguerite LeHand, June 19, 1940,
www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/box31/a296g07.html
.

27
. As Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote, “The [United States] lacked an arms industry. Its productive capacity was invested in the output of cars, washing machines, and refrigerators, in all of which it was the world leader.”
No Ordinary Time,
p. 23.

28
. Philip Knightley,
The First Casualty,
p. 260.

29
. Marie Vassiltchikov,
The Berlin Diaries,
p. 22.

30
. Brigitte Oleschinski,
Gedenkstätte Plötzensee,
p. 22.

31
. Friedrich Wilhelm University's Institute of Anatomy and Biology was located near the grounds of the Charité Hospital Medical School. See
http://www.charite.de/ch/presse/chronik/chrengl2.html
.

1
. Marie Vassiltchikov,
The Berlin Diaries,
entry for January 15, 1940.

2
. See Tadeusz Piotrowski,
Poland's Holocaust,
pp. 23–24.

3. Agostino von Hassell and Sigrid MacRae,
Alliance of Enemies,
p. 77.

4
. Joachim Fest,
Plotting Hitler's Death,
pp. 116–118.

5
. Quoted in Giles MacDonogh,
A Good German,
p. 208.

6
. Blaskowitz spent the rest of the war on the western front. He was arrested and detained as a minor war criminal at Nuremberg, but died under mysterious circumstances awaiting trial. Stieff was later promoted to major-general. He joined the July 20 military conspiracy against Hitler, and was tortured and executed in 1944. See Fest,
Plotting Hitler's Death,
and MacDonogh,
A Good German.
Other generals who protested the
Einsatzkommandos'
murders included Walter von Brautitsch, Wilhelm Ulex, and Wilhelm von Leeb. See von Hassell and MacRae,
Alliance of Enemies,
p. 77.

7
. William Shirer,
Berlin Diary,
pp. 542–543.

8
.
Deutsche Wochenschau,
October 16, 1940.

9
. Stefan Roloff and Mario Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 125.

10
. Ibid., p. 108, and Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 315.

11
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 315.

12
. See Ansgar Diller, ed.,
Rundfunkpolitik im Dritten Reich.
Munich, DTV, 1980.

13
. Hans Coppi, Jürgen Danyel, and Johannes Tuchel, eds.,
Die Rote Kapelle in Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus,
pp. 110–112; and Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
pp. 262–268.

14
. David Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 262.

15
. Ibid., p. 208.

16
. Coppi, Danyel, and Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 112.

17
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 102.

18
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
pp. 313–314.

19
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 283.

20
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 97.

21
. Ibid.

22
. Ibid., p. 257.

23
. “Barbarossa” was named after the twelfth-century monarch Frederick I called “red beard,” ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, who expanded his territory through conquest.

24
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
p. 97; and Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 272.

25
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 320.

26
. Ibid.

27
. Ibid., p. 322.

1
. The following quotes from Harnack's and Schulze-Boysen's reports are from David Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
pp. 99–101.

2
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 320.

3
. Ibid., p. 324.

4
. Hans Coppi, Jürgen Danyel, and Johannes Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle im Wider-stand gegen den Nationalsozialismus,
p. 113. See also Agostino von Hassell and Sigrid MacRae,
Alliance of Enemies.

5
. Murphy,
What Stalin Knew,
pp. 167–169; see also p. 97.

6
. Coppi, Danyel, and Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 114.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Alan Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin,
p. 707.

9
. March 12, 1941, Coppi, Danyel, and Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 115.

10
. Ibid., p. 119.

11
. Ibid., pp. 122–123.

12
. Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin,
p. 779.

13
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 336.

14
. Ibid., pp. 329–330.

15
. Coppi, Danyel, and Tuchel,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 128.

16
. Coppi and Andresen,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 328.