Red Orchestra (54 page)

16
. The Reichsbanner was a militant mass organization supported by the Social Dem ocrats.

17
. Quoted in Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich,
pp. 330–331.

18
. Ibid., p. 331.

19
. William Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich,
p. 195.

20
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 128.

21
. Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich,
p. 357.

22
. Mildred Fish to mother, May 2, 1933, GDW archive.

23
. Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich,
p. 357.

1
. Max Reinhardt died in New York in 1943. Jessner died in Los Angeles in 1945. Piscator died in West Germany in 1966.

2
. Ilse Brauer and Werner Kayser,
Günther Weisenborn,
p. 68. Weisenborn's coauthor, Dadaist Richard Hülsenbeck, fled to Prague the next day, and reinvented himself as “Charles Hubeck,” a noted New York psychoanalyst.

3
. Eric Johnson,
Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans,
p. 162.

4
. Ibid., p. 534.

5
. Ibid., p. 162.

6
. Lion Feuchtwanger,
The Oppermanns,
p. 279.

7
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 128.

8
. February 26, [1928?] GDW archive.

9
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 111.

10
. Mildred Fish to mother, August 7, 1934, GDW archive.

11
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 126. Massing later emigrated to the United States and taught at Columbia and Rutgers, before returning to Germany after the war.

12
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 117.

13
. Ibid., p. 120.

14
. Mannheim fled to Britain, where he became a leading scholar at the London School of Economics.

15
. Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 120–121.

16
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 72.

17
. Mordecai Paldiel,
The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust,
pp. 170–173. In 1967 the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes'
Remembrance Authority recognized Wegner (like Oskar Schindler) as “Righteous Among the Nations.” See also
www.yadvashem.org/righteous/index_righteous.html
.

18
. The most detailed account of Sieg's experience in Berlin was published by his friend Heinrich Scheel after the war (by an East German publishing house).

19
.
The Guardian,
March 16, 1933.

20
. Reinhard Rürup,
Topography of Terror,
p. 93; John Sieg,
Einer von Millionen Spricht,
p. 10. Haubach, who was repeatedly arrested and sent to a concentration camp for anti-Nazi activities, was hung at Plötzensee in January 1945.

21
. Interview with Hermann Grosse, GDW archive, p. 3.

22
. Sieg, John,
Einer von Millionen Spricht,
p. 10. Karl Ernst was murdered by his fellow Nazis in 1934, during “The Night of the Long Knives.”

23
. Goebbels's quotes and material on radio from David Welch,
The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda,
pp. 38–39.

24
. As reported in the
Völkischer Beobachter,
May 12, 1933. This quote and the following material about book burning are taken from
http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/images/burnedbooks/goebbels.htm
.

25
. Robert Gellately,
Backing Hitler,
p. 21.

26
. Ibid., pp. 58–59.

27
. See United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005263
, Oranienburg film footage.

28
. Gellately,
Backing Hitler,
p. 59.

29
. Albert Speer,
Spandau: The Secret Diaries,
p. 261.

30
. Ibid., p. 103.

31
. Ibid.

32
. Curt Trepte and Jutta Wardetzky,
Hans Otto: Schauspieler und Revolutionär,
p. 131.

33
. Quoted in ibid., p. 68.

34
. Ibid., reproduced after p. 88.

35
. Bergner pursued her career in London, Reinhardt in Hollywood and New York, with mixed results. They never recovered the success they enjoyed in Weimar Germany.

36
. Klaus Mann,
Mephisto,
pp. 238ff. A 1981 film version of the novel won an Academy Award for best foreign film.

37
. Trepte and Wardetzky,
Hans Otto,
p. 71.

38
. Armin-Gerd Kuckhoff,
Hans Otto Gedenkbuch,
1948, p. 46.

39
. Kuckhoff,
Hans Otto Gedenkbuck,
pp. 85–86. See also Rürup,
Topography of Terror,
p. 50.

40
. Haffner is referring to Adalbert Matkowsky (1857–1909), a legendary German actor who performed in Hamburg and Berlin.

41
. Sebastian Haffner,
Defying Hitler,
p. 195.

42
. Kuckhoff,
Hans Otto Gedenkbuch,
p. 91.

1
. Peter Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance,
p. 251.

2
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 131.

3
. Richard J. Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich,
p. 382. See also
www.britannica.com
.

4
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 115.

5
. Ibid., p. 125.

6
. Ibid., pp. 124–125.

7
. Vinogradov was the charming young diplomat who would soon embark on a turbulent affair with Martha Dodd, the U.S. ambassador's daughter.

8
. Stephen Koch,
Double Lives,
p. 136. There is no suggestion of the identity of “Faigt.”

9
. These secret exercises were conducted in violation of the Versailles Treaty.

10
. Author Stephen Koch reproduces the memo and speculates on its meaning in
Double Lives,
his book on Willi Münzenberg. But Koch's interpretation of this memo includes a number of errors (including the misspelling of Kuckhoff's and Niedermayer's names). He also links Vinogradov and Martha Dodd, though their courtship does not appear to have begun until the following year. Given the mixed political identifications of the individuals in Radek's memo, it seems that they represented a list of possible contacts rather than confirmed Soviet agents. Niedermayer died in a Soviet POW camp after the war, while Vinogradov and Radek were both executed in Stalin's purge, Vinogradov in 1938 and Radek in 1939.

11
. As of 1933, Thälmann effectively disappeared. He was held in solitary confinement in a series of prisons and concentration camps for eleven years, until he was finally shot at Buchenwald in August 1944.

12
. Pierre Ayçoberry,
The Social History of the Third Reich,
p. 39.

13
. See Sergio Bologna, “Nazism and the Working Class,” translated by Ed Emery. Paper presented at the Milan Camera del Lavoro, 3 June 1993.

14
. John Sieg,
Einer von Millionen Spricht,
p. 10; and GDW,
http://www.gdw-berlin.de/b17/b17-2-flug-e.php
.

15
. Sieg,
Einer von Millionen Spricht,
p. 11.

16
. Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich,
ill. following p. 222.

17
. See
www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa
.

18
. See 1992 BBC documentary,
Goebbels: Master of Propaganda,
as cited in http://194.3.120.243/humanities/igcsehist/term3/persuasion/resources.htm.

19
.
Kuhle Wampe
was also shown in New York, as was the 1939 Nazi propaganda film
Der Feldzug in Polen,
which elicited cheers from the audience. See Sabine Hake,
Popular Cinema in the Third Reich.

20
. “A Nazi Youth Film,”
New York Times,
July 7, 1934.

21
. George promptly hired his and Brecht's former collaborator, Günther Weisen-born, as lead dramaturge.

22
. Ronald Taylor,
Berlin and Its Culture,
p. 267.

1
. Author interview with Genie Allenby, October 2007.

2
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 125.

3
. See U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum,
http://www.ushmm.org/bonhoeffer/b3.htm
.

4
.
Holocaust Encyclopedia,
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, see
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005206
.

5
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 152.

6
. Ibid., p. 142.

7
. Ibid., p. 147.

8
. Nigel Hamilton,
Reckless Youth,
p. 108; and George Mason University website, http://hnn.us/articles/697.html. See Doris Kearns Goodwin,
The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys,
p. 470. Young Kennedy fought in World War II and died during an air force mission against the Nazis in 1944.

9
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 141.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Robert Tucker,
Stalin in Power,
p. 275.

12
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 156.

13
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 169.

14
.
http://www.traces.org/marthadodd.html#livingquarters
.

15
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkranz zur Rote Kapelle,
pp. 189–190.

16
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 177, quoting correspondence to Maxwell Perkins.

17
. Ibid., p. 196.

18
. Ibid.

19
. Ibid., pp. 196–197.

20
. Ibid., p. 231.

21
. Ibid.

1
. See John Sieg files, GDW archive. See also Ian Kershaw,
The Nazi Dictatorship,
p. 208.

2
. Giles MacDonogh,
A Good German,
p. 72.

3
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 199.

4
. John Sieg files, GDW archive, pp. 33–34. John Sieg,
Einer von Millionen Spricht,
introduction.

5
. SOPADE Berichte, November 1935, quoted in Detlev Peukert,
Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life,
p. 64.

6
. David Barclay and Eric Weitz,
Between Reform and Revolution,
p. 364.

7
. See Tim Mason, “The Workers' Opposition in Nazi Germany,”
History Workshop Journal,
citing London's Wiener Library collection, pp. 4–6.

8
. John Sieg files, GDW archive, pp. 15–21.

9
. John Sieg,
Einer von Millionen Spricht,
p. 11.

10
. Ibid., photo inserts.

11
. Stephan Hermlin,
Die Erste Reihe,
p. 186.

12
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
pp. 154, 240.

13
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
p. 256.

14
. Ibid., p. 243.

1
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Vom Rosenkrantz zur Rote Kapelle,
p. 196.

2
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 201.

3
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 60.

4
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 197.

5
. Trade unionists organized alternate games, held at Randalls Island in New York City.

6
. Douglas Chandler, “Changing Berlin,”
National Geographic,
February 1937, pp.
131–170. During World War II, Chandler broadcast Nazi propaganda under the name “Paul Revere.” After the war he was sentenced to life imprisonment.

7
. William Dodd Jr. and Martha Dodd, eds.,
Ambassador Dodd's Diary,
p. 430.

8
. Ibid., p. 400.

9
. Ibid., p. 403.

10
. Ibid., p. 414.

11
. Dodd's daughter, Martha, deprived of her status, continued to consort with Soviets and play her lovers off one another. She published several successful books in the United States about her Berlin experience. She married a wealthy American leftist and fell afoul of Joseph McCarthy's House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) after World War II. The couple fled to Prague, where she died in 1990.

12
.
https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/oss/art02.htm
. See also H. Montgomery Hyde,
Room 3603,
p. 151.

13
. In the late 1930s, Dwight Eisenhower, then an army lieutenant colonel, offered a withering opinion of military intelligence officers: “Socially acceptable gentlemen; few knew the essentials of intelligence work. Results were almost completely negative and the situation was not helped by the custom of making long service as a military attaché, rather than ability, the essential qualification for appointment as head of the Intelligence Division in the War Department.” Joseph Persico,
Roosevelt's Secret War,
p. 11.

14
. See http://cryptome.org/fdr-astor.htm; Jeffery M. Dorwart, “The Roosevelt-Astor Espionage Ring,”
New York History, Quarterly Journal of New York State Historical Association
62, no. 3, July 1981, pp. 307–322.