Return of a King: The Battle For Afghanistan (79 page)
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Authors: William Dalrymple
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PRO (Public Records Office)
NAM (National Army Musuem)
Chapter 1: No Easy Place to Rule
| 1 | Alexander Burnes, Cabool: A Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in that City in the Years 1836, 7 and 8 , London, 1843, p. 273, for details of the Kabul spring. |
| 2 | Sultan Mohammad Khan ibn Musa Khan Durrani, Tarikh-i-Sultani , p. 219. |
| 3 | Khurasan also included much of eastern Iran, but was not usually thought to include northern Afghanistan. |
| 4 | Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , The Eighteenth Event. |
| 5 | Sultan Mohammad Khan Durrani, Tarikh-i-Sultani , p. 226. |
| 6 | Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , The Eighteenth Event. |
| 7 | Dominic Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , London, 2009, pp. 45–7. |
| 8 | Quoted in Sir John Malcolm, Political History of India , 2 vols, London, 1826, vol. I, p. 310. |
| 9 | Iradj Amini, Napoleon and Persia , Washington, DC, 1999, p. 112; Muriel Atkin, Russia and Iran 1780–1828 , Minneapolis, 1980, p. 125. |
| 10 | OIOC, Board’s Collections: Sec Desp to India, vol. III, Draft to Governor General-in-Council, 24 September 1807, no. 31; J. B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795–1880 , Oxford, 1968, pp. 82–3. For the Russian nobleman beneath the barge see Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game , London, 1990, p. 33. |
| 11 | Amini, Napoleon and Persia , p.129. |
| 12 | Sir John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers , London, 1867, vol. I, p. 234. |
| 13 | There is a wonderful account of the two boys’ trip written by Edward’s descendant Barbara Strachey in The Strachey Line: An English Family in America, India and at Home from 1570 to 1902 , London, 1985, pp. 100–5. The diaries of both boys survive in the India Office Library, though Elphinstone’s writing is so scruffy as to be partly illegible. Mountstuart Elphinstone’s is in BL, OIOC, Mss Eur F88 Box 13/16[b] and Edward Strachey’s at Mss Eur F128/196. |
| 14 | Fayz Mohammad, Siraj ul-Tawarikh , vol. I, p. 40. The 1761 Battle of Panipat was the fifth at the site. |
| 15 | Mirza ‘Ata, Naway Ma’arek , Introduction, pp. 1–9. |
| 16 | Fayz Mohammad, Siraj ul-Tawarikh , vol. I, p. 63. |
| 17 | Olaf Caroe, The Pathans , London, 1958, p. 262; Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab , New Delhi, 1964, p. 299; Robert Nichols, Settling the Frontier: Land, Law and Society in the Peshawar Valley, 1500–1900 , Oxford, 2001, p. 90. |
| 18 | H. T. Prinsep, History of the Punjab, and of the rise, progress, & present condition of the sect and nation of the Sikhs [Based in part on the ‘Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab and political life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh’] , London, 1846, vol. I, p. 260; Fayz Mohammad, Siraj ul-Tawarikh , vol. I, p. 84; Mountstuart Elphinstone, An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India; comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy , London, 1819, vol. I, p. 317. |
| 19 | Mirza ‘Ata, Naway Ma’arek , pp. 57–75. |
| 20 | Ibid., Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , Introduction. |
| 21 | Sultan Mohammad Khan Durrani, Tarikh-i-Sultani , p. 212. |
| 22 | Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , Introduction. |
| 23 | Ibid., The Seventh Event. |
| 24 | Fayz Mohammad, Siraj ul-Tawarikh , vol. I, p. 95. |
| 25 | Sultan Mohammad Khan Durrani, Tarikh-i-Sultani , p. 217. |
| 26 | Ibid., p. 215. |
| 27 | Ibid., pp. 244–69. Afghans still have a tendency to talk about Indians and even Pakistanis in this way. As rice and meat eaters they see themselves as infinitely superior human beings. |
| 28 | Robert Johnson, The Afghan Way of War – Culture and Pragmatism: A Critical History , London, 2011, p. 48. |
| 29 | B. D. Hopkins, The Making of Modern Afghanistan , London, 2008, pp. 129, 159; Noelle, State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan , p. 281. |
| 30 | Noelle, State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan , p. 288. |
| 31 | Elphinstone, Kingdom of Caubul , vol. I, pp. 2–7. |
| 32 | Ibid., p. 13. |
| 33 | Ibid., p. 21. |
| 34 | Ibid., pp. 52–4. |
| 35 | BL, OIOC, Forster Papers, Mss Eur B 14/Mss Eur K 115, 12 July 1785. |
| 36 | Adapted from Caroe, The Pathans , p. 244. |
| 37 | Though widely attributed to Khushhal, many scholars doubt the authenticity of this celebrated couplet. |
| 38 | Elphinstone, Kingdom of Caubul , vol. I, pp. 67–8. |
| 39 | Private Collection, Fraser Papers, Inverness, vol. 30, p. 171, WF to his father, 6 March 1809. |
| 40 | Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , The Twenty-Sixth Event. |
| 41 | Sayed Qassem Reshtia, Between Two Giants: Political History of Afghanistan in the Nineteenth Century , Peshawar, 1990, p. 18; Noelle, State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan , p. 8. |
| 42 | Fayz Mohammad, Siraj ul-Tawarikh , vol. I, p. 86. |
| 43 | Elphinstone, Kingdom of Caubul , vol. I, pp. 82–3, 282. |
| 44 | Ibid., pp. 80–1. |
| 45 | Ibid., p. 399. |
| 46 | Ibid., vol. II, p. 276. |
| 47 | Private Collection, Fraser Papers, Inverness, vol. 30, p. 149, WF to his father, 22 April 1809. |
| 48 | Johnson, The Afghan Way of War , p. 44. |
| 49 | Ibid., p. 42. |
| 50 | Elphinstone, Kingdom of Caubul , vol. II, p. 276. |
| 51 | Hopkins, The Making of Modern Afghanistan , p. 1. |
| 52 | Noelle, State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan , pp. 164–5. |
| 53 | Johnson, The Afghan Way of War , p. 43. |
| 54 | Private Collection, Fraser Papers, Inverness, vol. 30, p. 177, WF to his father, 7 May 1809. |
| 55 | Elphinstone, Kingdom of Caubul , vol. I, p. 87. |
| 56 | Ibid., p. 89. |
| 57 | Sultan Mohammad Khan Durrani, Tarikh-i-Sultani , p. 223. |
| 58 | Private Collection, Fraser Papers, Inverness, vol. 30, pp. 201–6, WF to his father, 19 June and 6 July 1809. |
| 59 | Fayz Mohammad, Siraj ul-Tawarikh , vol. I, p. 115. |
| 60 | Sultan Mohammad Khan Durrani, Tarikh-i-Sultani , p. 229. |
| 61 | Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , The Twenty-Sixth Event. |
Chapter 2: An Unsettled Mind
| 1 | Mirza ‘Ata, Naway Ma’arek , pp. 10–12. |
| 2 | Khuswant Singh, Ranjit Singh: Maharaja of the Punjab , London, 1962. |
| 3 | Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , The Twenty-Sixth Event. |
| 4 | Ibid.; Mirza ‘Ata, Naway Ma’arek , pp. 13–15. Sikh sources give a rather different account. |
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