Rome: An Empire's Story (56 page)

5.
Strabo,
Geography
4.5.32.

6.
Appian,
Preface.

7.
Garnsey and Saller,
The Roman Empire
.

8.
A. N. Sherwin-White,
The Roman Citizenship
, 2nd edn. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973); Peter Garnsey, ‘Roman Citizenship and Roman Law in Late Antiquity’, in Simon Swain and Mark Edwards (eds.),
Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

9.
Paul Veyne,
Le Pain et le cirque: Sociologie historique d’un pluralisme politique
(Paris: Seuil, 1976); Arjan Zuiderhoek,
The Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire: Citizens, Elites and Benefactors in Asia Minor
, Greek Culture in the Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

10.
Edward N. Luttwak,
The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century
AD
to the Third
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).

11.
Fergus Millar, ‘Emperors, Frontiers and Foreign Relations, 31
BC
to
AD
378’,
Britannia
, 13 (1982).

12.
Tacitus,
Annales
4.4–5.

13.
Alan Bowman,
Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People
(London: British Museum Press, 1994).

14.
Benjamin Isaac,
The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).

15.
Campbell,
The Emperor and the Roman Army 31
BC–AD
235
.

16.
Egon Flaig,
Den Kaiser herausfordern: Die Usurpation im römischen Reich
(Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus Verlag, 1992).

17.
Brent D. Shaw, ‘Soldiers and Society: The Army in Numidia’,
Opus
, 2 (1983).

18.
Ramsay MacMullen,
Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963).

19.
Lattimore,
Inner Asian Frontier of China
.

20.
Jürgen Kunow,
Der römische Import in der Germania libera bis zu den Markomannenkrieg: Studien zu Bronze- und Glasgefässen
, Göttinger Schriften zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Neumunster: K. Wachholtz, 1983); L. Hedeager, ‘Empire, Frontier and the Barbarian Hinterland: Rome and Northern Europe from
A.B
. 1–400’, in Michael Rowlands, Møgens Trolle Larsen, and Kristian Kristiansen (eds.),
Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Michael G. Fulford, ‘Roman and Barbarian: The Economy of Roman Frontier Systems’, in J. C. Barrett (ed.),
Barbarians and Romans in North-West Europe from the Later Republic to Late Antiquity
, International Series (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1989).

21.
Michael Kulikowski,
Rome’s Gothic Wars from the Third Century to Alaric
, Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); John Drinkwater,
The Alamanni and Rome 213–496 (Caracalla to Clovis)
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

22.
Kulikowski,
Rome’s Gothic Wars from the Third Century to Alaric
.

23.
Brian Campbell, ‘War and Diplomacy: Rome and Parthia 31
BC
–
AD
235’, in John Rich and Graham Shipley (eds.),
War and Society in the Roman World
(London: Routledge, 1993).

CHAPTER 14

1.
Miriam Griffin, ‘Claudius in Tacitus’,
Classical Quarterly
, 40/2 (1990).

2.
Sherwin-White,
The Roman Citizenship
.

3.
Garnsey, ‘Roman Citizenship and Roman Law in Late Antiquity’.

4.
Fergus Millar, ‘Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Statuses’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 73 (1983).

5.
J. P. V. D. Balsdon,
Romans and Aliens
(London: Duckworth, 1979); Benjamin Isaac,
The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).

6.
Scheid, ‘Graeco ritu’.

7.
Julián Gonzáles, ‘Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 76 (1986).

8.
Acts 21–2.

9.
MacMullen,
Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire
; Adrian Goldsworthy and Ian Haynes (eds.),
The Roman Army as a Community
, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplements (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1999).

10.
Fikret K. Yegul,
Baths and Bathing in the Roman World
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992).

11.
I. Nielsen,
Thermae et Balnea: The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Baths
, 2 vols. (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1990).

12.
Michael Wörrle,
Stadt und Fest in kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien: Studien zu einer agonistischen Stiftung aus Oinoanda
, Vestigia (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1988); Onno van Nijf, ‘Local Heroes: Athletics, Festivals and Elite Self-Fashioning in the Roman East’, in Goldhill (ed.),
Being Greek under Rome
; Jason König,
Athletics and Literature in the Roman Empire
, ed. Susan E. Alcock, Jas Elsner, and Simon Goldhill, Greek Culture in the Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Zahra Newby,
Greek Athletics in the Roman World: Victory and Virtue
, ed. Simon Price, R. R. R. Smith, and Oliver Taplin, Oxford Studies in Ancient Culture and Representation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).

13.
William J. Slater (ed.),
Dining in a Classical Context
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991); Emily Gowers,
The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Oswyn Murray and Manuela Tecusan (eds.),
In vino veritas
(London: British School at Rome, 1995); Garnsey,
Food and Society in Classical Antiquity
; Purcell, ‘The Way We Used to Eat’; Jason König, ‘Sympotic Dialogue in the First to Fifth Centuries
CE
’, in Simon Goldhill (ed.),
The End of Dialogue in Antiquity
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

14.
Simon Swain,
Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism and Power in the Greek World, AD 50–250
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996); Tim Whitmarsh,
Greek Literature and the Roman Empire: The Politics of Imitations
(Oxford: Oxford, 2001); Susan E. Alcock, John F. Cherry, and Jas Elsner (eds.),
Pausanias: Travel and Memory in Roman Greece
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

15.
Greg Woolf, ‘Becoming Roman, Staying Greek: Culture, Identity and the Civilizing Process in the Roman East’,
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
, 40 (1994); Stephen Hinds,
Allusion and Intertext: Dynamics of Appropriation in Roman Poetry
, Latin Literature in Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Wallace-Hadrill,
Rome’s Cultural Revolution
.

16.
John Percival,
The Roman Villa: An Historical Introduction
(London: Batsford, 1976); Roger Ling,
Roman Painting
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Jas Elsner,
Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The Art of the Roman Empire, AD 100–450
, Oxford History of Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); Katherine M. Dunbabin,
Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Leach,
The Social Life of Painting in Ancient Rome and on the Bay of Naples
.

17.
David Mattingly (ed.),
Dialogues in Roman Imperialism: Power, Discourse and Discrepant Experience in the Roman Empire
, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplements (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1997); Robert Witcher, ‘Globalisation and Roman Imperialism: Perspectives on Identities in Roman Italy’, in Edward Herring and Kathryn Lomas (eds.),
The Emergence of State Identities in Italy in the First Millennium
B.C
.
(London: Accordia Research Institute, 2000); Richard Hingley,
Globalizing Roman Culture: Unity, Diversity and Empire
(London: Routledge, 2005); Rebecca J. Sweetman, ‘Roman Knossos: The Nature of a Globalized City’,
American Journal of Archaeology
, 111/1 (2007); R. Bruce Hitchner, ‘Globalization avant la lettre: Globalization and the History of the Roman Empire’,
New Global Studies
, 2/2 (2008).

18.
T. C. Champion, ‘Mass Migration in Later Prehistoric Europe’, in Per Sörbom (ed.),
Transport Technology and Social Change: Papers Delivered at Tekniska Museet Symposium No. 2, Stockholm, 1979
(Stockholm: Tekniska Museet, 1980); Nicholas Purcell, ‘Mobility and the Polis’, in Oswyn Murray and Simon Price (eds.),
The Greek City from Homer to Alexander
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).

19.
John F. Matthews, ‘Hostages, Philosophers, Pilgrims, and the Diffusion of Ideas in the Late Roman Mediterranean and Near East’, in F. M. Clover and R.S. Humphreys (eds.),
Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).

20.
David Noy,
Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers
(London: Duckworth, 2000); Edwards and Woolf,
Rome the Cosmopolis
; L. Wierschowski,
Fremde in Gallien: ‘Gallier’ in der Fremde: Die epigraphisch bezeugte Mobilität in, von und nach Gallien vom 1. bis 3. Jh. n. Chr
, Texte-Übersetzungen-Kommentare 159, Historia Einzelschriften (Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2001); Hella Eckart (ed.),
Roman Diasporas: Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire
, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplements (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2010).

21.
Millar, ‘Empire and City, Augustus to Julian’; WIlliam Broadhead, ‘Migration and Transformation in Northern Italy in the 3rd–1st Centuries
BC
’,
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
, 44 (2000); Claudia Moatti (ed.),
La Mobilité des personnes en Méditerranée de l’antiquité à l’époque moderne: Procédures de contrôle et documents d’identification
, Collection de l’École Française de Rome (Rome: École Française de Rome, 2004); Claudia Moatti and Wolfgang Kaiser (eds.),
Gens de passage en Méditerranée de l’antiquité à l’époque moderne: Procédures de contrôle et d’identification
, Collection L’Atelier Méditerranéen (Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2007).

22.
Erich Gruen,
Diaspora: Jews among Greeks and Romans
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002); Christopher P. Jones, ‘A Syrian at Lyon’,
American Journal of Philology
, 99/3 (1978).

23.
Ramsay MacMullen,
Paganism in the Roman Empire
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981).

24.
Swain,
Hellenism and Empire
; Seth Schwartz,
Imperialism and Jewish Society 200
BCE to 640 CE
, ed. R. Stephen Humphreys, William Chester Jordan, and Peter Schäfer, Jews, Christians and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).

25.
Elias Bickermann, ‘Origines Gentium’,
Classical Philology
, 47 (1952); T. Peter Wiseman, ‘Domi nobiles and the Roman Cultural Élite’, in Cébeillac-Gervason (ed.),
Les Bourgeoisies municipales italiennes aux IIe et Ier siècles av. J.-C.
; Erskine,
Troy between Greece and Rome
; Alan Cameron,
Greek Mythography in the Roman World
, ed. Donald J. Mastronarde, American Philological Association: American Classical Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Simon Price, ‘Local Mythologies in the Greek East’, in Christopher Howgego, Volker Heuchert, and Andrew Burnett (eds.),
Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Hans-Joachim Gehrke, ‘Heroen als Grenzgänger zwischen Griechen und Barbaren’, in Erich Gruen (ed.),
Cultural Borrowings and Ethnic Appropriations in Antiquity
, Oriens et Occidens: Studien zu antiken Kulturkontakten und ihren Nachleben (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005); Woolf,
Tales of the Barbarians
.

CHAPTER 15

1.
Matthew B. Roller,
Constructing Autocracy: Aristocrats and Emperors in Julio-Claudian Rome
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).

2.
Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall,
Eusebius’ Life of Constantine: Introduction, Translation and Commentary
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999); Anthony Bowen and Peter Garnsey,
Lactantius’ Divine Institutes
, vol. xl, Translated Texts for Historians (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2003); Roger Rees,
Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
, Debates and Documents in Ancient History (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004).