Russia (65 page)

Czechs,
9
,
220
,
265

Czestochowa monastery,
142

Dacia,
179
Dadi-Yurt,
202

Dagestan, Dagestanis,
93
,
136
,
203
,
207
,
313

Daniels, Alexander,
137

Danilovich, Grand Prince Iurii,
65
Danube river,
37
,
168
,
204
,
210
,
221
,
262

Dardanelles,
263

Darghins,
94

Darius, King,
17

Dauria,
226

Davoust, Louis Nicholas,
193

Decembrist rising (1825),
196

Declaration of the Rights of Oppressed Nationalities
(1918),
242

Defoe, Daniel,
150

Delhi,
269

democracy: clash with market economy,
305
-
6

demography
see
population

Denmark,
70
,
98
,
146
,
148
,
152
-
3
,
169
Department of Foreign Affairs,
141
,
179
Derbent,
93
,
112
,
160
,
188

Derevlians (old settlers; tribal

confederation),
20
,
31
,
38
Desna river,
69
Dezhnev, Semeon (Cossack venturer),
131
-
2

Diamond Johnson (Almaz Ivanov),
147
,
148

Diet at Helsingfors (Helsinki) (1863),
219

Dir the Viking,
24
,
28
,
29

Dmitrii of the Don, Grand Prince,
50
,
54
,
56
-
7
,
60
,
62
,
69

Dmitrii (grandson of Ivan the Great),
83

Dmitrii the Pretender (no.
1
),
117
—
21
Dmitrii the Pretender (no.
2
),
121
—
3

Dmitrii Shemiaka,
64
-
5

Dmitrii (son of Ivan the Terrible),
109
,
111
-
12
,
114
,
115
,
121

Dmitrov,
44

Dnieper river,
15
,
19
,
28
,
31
,
43
,
44
,
171
,
178
,
184
,
258
,
262

Dnieprostroi,
251

Doctors’ Plot (1952),
268

Dolgorukii, Prince Iurii,
44
,
45

Dolmatov, Vasilii,
84

domestic policy, administration, m; attitude towards immigrants,
180
—
2
; and building of forts,
130
-
1
,
132
; central administration,
184
; concern for welfare of subdued nations,
176
-
7
; establishment of internal calm,
108
-
9
; regional administration,
184
-
7
; retrenchment of,
128
; and state security,
109
; and tax collection/exemption,
109
,
130
—
1
; treatment of subjected peoples,
182
-
7

Don river,
19
,
22
,
95
,
151
,
258
,
259

Donets river, no,
181

Doroshenko, Hetman,
144
du Croy,
153

Dubrovnik,
221

Duchy of Courland,
98

Dudaev, Djokar,
307
,
309

duma
(cabinet),
147
,
148

Duma,
231
,
232
,
236

Dunning, Chester,
118
,
120
-
1

Durnovo, Petr,
233
—
5

Dushanbe,
279

Dzerzhinskii, Felix,
239

Dzungara,
176

Dzurov, Dobri,
292

East Berlin,
291

East China Railway,
231

East Germany (German Democratic Republic),
268
,
269
,
288
,
289
,
290
-
1
,
292
,
311

East India Company,
174
,
209

East Indies,
215

Eastern Europe,
265
—
7
,
274
-
7

Eastern Question,
94
,
157
,
180

economy: aggressive taxation policy,
308
; agrarian,
10
—n,
13
-
14
,
16
-
17
; agricultural production,
272
; black economy,
274
; and capitalism,
228
—
9
; and civil wars,
123
; and clash with democracy,
305
—
6
; collapse of,
297
; collectivization programme,
248
-
50
; consumer promises,
285
—
6
; crisis in,
246
-
8
; drainage systems,
229
; Eastern European,
274
-
7
; effect of climate on,
15
-
17
,
123
; expansion of,
225
-
6
; financial mismanagement and crisis,
302
-
4
,
310
-
12
; Five Year Plan (1928),
251
-
2
,
272
; food shortages,
240
-
1
; Gorbachev reforms,
285
-
6
,
288
; improvements in,
315
,
322
-
3
; industrial decline,
301
-
2
,
308
; industrial expansion,
250
-
1
; and industrial revolution,
227
—
8
; inefficiencies of,
299
; inflationary,
289
; market reforms,
303
-
4
,
305
,
306
;
New Economic Policy,
247
-
8
; and the peasant problem,
231
-
2
; and railways,
213
-
14
; rebuilding of,
241
-
2
; recovery of,
108
,
129
-
30
; reduction in inflation,
308
; and rise of the oligarchs,
303
—
4
,
306
,
315
-
16
; Seven Year Plan (1959),
270
; shortages,
275
; training and technology,
229
;
see also
trade/commerce

Egerat, Colonel Henryk van,
137

Egypt,
17
,
188
,
261
,
269
,
278
; Aswan Dam,
270
,
280

Eisenstein, Sergei,
90

Elbe river,
262

Elena Glinskaia,
85
,
89

Elias, St,
38
-
9

Elizabeth, Empress,
169
,
170
,
184

Elphinston, Admiral (in Russia’s services),
172

Elton, Captain John,
172
-
4

empire building,
25
; belligerency of,
208
-
9
; as civilizing mission,
215
-
17
; creation of Soviet regime,
238
—
60
; descent into anarchy
108
-
27
; eighteenth-century glories,
168
-
89
; expansionary tactics,
168
—
89
; first successes and collapse,
27
—
47
; foundations of empire,
68
-
86
; growth and recovery,
129
—
49
; impact of revolutionary France on,
190
,
193
-
8
; imperial expansion,
87
-
107
; inertia in,
231
; lack of capital,
214
; limitation put on,
225
; loss of empires,
190
; nineteenth-century wars and defeats,
199
-
211
; public consciousness of,
215
; push to the West,
150
-
67
; reasons for disintegration of Soviet empire,
282
-
300
; rebellions and crises,
217
-
32
; recovery and consolidation,
48
—
67
; reforms and modernization,
213
—
15
; rise and fall of Soviet imperialism,
261
-
81
; seeds of destruction,
210
—
11
,
232
—
7
; transition and recovery,
301
—
18
;
see also
Kievan Rus; Muscovy; Romanov Empire; Soviet Union

England,
156
,
215
,
221
,
234
;
see also
Britain

Enlightenment,
164
,
182
,
280

environment,
4
,
5
; effect of climate on,
6
-
7
; geographic barriers,
9
-
10

Erekle, King of Kartlo-Kakheti,
180

Erik XIV, King of Sweden,
103

Erzurum,
204

Eskimos,
134

Estland,
163
,
197

Estonia, Estonians,
154
,
156
,
163
,
164
,
219
,
243
,
245
,
254
,
310

Ethiopia,
278

Eurasia,
4

European Union (EU),
276
,
277
,
286
,
313

Evenki,
280

explorers, exploration,
131
-
2
,
162
,
172
-
4
,
188
;
see also
Alaska; Bering, Vitus; colonizers, colonization; Dezhnev, Semeon; Elton, John; Siberia; Stroganov, Grigorii

falconry,
75

Far East,
216
,
217
,
230
,
245
,
253
,
261
,
264

Far Eastern Republic,
244

Federal Security Service (FSB),
314

Fedor (son of Boris Godunov),
115
,
119
,
120

Fedor (son of Tsar Alexis),
146

Fedor, Tsar,
109
, in,
114

Felony Department
(Razboinii prikaz) see
Government Departments

Filipp, Metropolitan of Moscow,
103

Finch, Edward (British envoy),
169

Finland,
156
,
171
,
196
,
253
,
254
; annexation of,
190
,
192
; imperial rule in,
197
; as independent state,
243
; nationalism in,
219

Finno-Ugrians,
23
,
319

Finns,
9
,
25
,
48
,
164
,
176
,
231

Fiolipt, Patriarch of Constantinople,
85

Fioravanti, Aristotele,
74

First World War (1914-
18
),
233
-
6
,
238
,
320

Fletcher, Giles,
111

Florence,
67

Floria, B.,
100

Foreign Office,
109
,
147
,
148
,
169
,
175
;
see also
Government Departments

foreign relations,
79
,
108
,
216
,
263
; Ambassadorial Office,
77
-
8
; and the Baltic provinces,
185
-
7
; and Byzantine Empire,
33
,
34
-
6
,
38
,
70
-
1
; and Central Europe,
156
-
7
; and colonial administration,
216
-
17
; as defensive,
128
; development of,
70
,
74
-
6
; diplomatic skills,
145
; and England,
117
,
146
,
156
; and establishment of record-filing system,
75
—
6
; and the European Union,
286
—
7
; and Finland and Bessarabia,
190
-
3
; and the Habsburgs
166
,
170
; and the Holy Roman Emperor,
77
; improved and expanded,
110
—
11
; improvements in,
317
; intelligence system,
76
-
8
, no,
145
-
6
,
279
; and Kazakhs,
175
-
6
; and the Ottoman Empire,
94
,
108
; and the papacy/Rome,
85
; with Persia, India and China,
159
-
60
; and Poland,
182
-
4
,
196
-
7
; protocols,
76
,
105
; rapprochement,
286
-
7
; reassessment of,
169
-
70
; relationship with NATO,
313
,
314
,
317
; success of,
147
; systematization of,
87
; and the Tatars,
50
,
79
; and the Ukraine,
162
-
3
,
184
-
5
; and use
of
outsiders on diplomatic missions,
148
; and Western Europe,
74
-
6
,
84
,
129
,
146
; Westernising policies of,
149
; wide range of expertise amongst functionaries,
148
—
9
;
see also
named countries; Russification policy; Soviety Union