Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (77 page)
Read Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II Online
Authors: Keith Lowe
Estimates differ wildly: see Krivosheev, p. 83; and Barber and Harrison, p. 206. Milward has just 17 million,
War, Economy and Society,
p. 211. Overy, p. 288, has 25 million, and notes that the official figure announced by Khrushchev in 1956 was 20 million, and by Gorbachev in 1991 was 25 million.
Yekelchyk, p. 151. See also Krawchenko, p. 15, who has 6.8 million. Kondufor has 5 million, p. 222.
Statiev, p. 64.
Edith Baneth, quoted in Smith, p. 318.
Moorhouse, p. 183.
Victor Breitburg quoted in Anon.,
The Day War Ended,
p. 200.
See Friedländer, p. 219, for lower prewar figure; and Snyder, pp. 74 and 86, for higher prewar figure, and the postwar percentage. See also Skolnik and Berenbaum, vol. XX, p. 531.
Skolnik and Berenbaum, vol. XX, pp. 670, 674.
Skolnik and Berenbaum, vol. XIV, p. 294.
Spector, pp. 357 – 8.
Gilbert,
Atlas of the Holocaust,
p. 232. According to the Nuremberg evidence the figure was 5.7 million, though later estimates put it at 5,933,900 – see Dawidowicz, pp. 479 – 80.
Alicia Adams, quoted in Smith, p. 317. The figure she gives is exaggerated: of 17,000 Jews at the beginning of the war, only 400 remained at the time of Soviet liberation. See Skolnik and Berenbaum, vol. VI, p. 24.
Quoted in Beevor and Vinogradova, p. 251.
Quoted ibid., p. 253.
Celina Liberman testimony in Anon.,
The Day War Ended,
p. 184.
Gilbert,
Atlas of the Holocaust,
p. 229. Dawidowicz gives 3 million survivors, but includes 868,000 Russian Jewish survivors: see p. 480.
Gilbert, Atlas of the
Holocaust,
p. 154; Dawidowicz, p. 446.
Steinberg,
passim.
Gilbert,
Atlas of the Holocaust,
p. 140; Dawidowicz, pp. 464 – 5.
Gilbert,
Atlas of the Holocaust,
p. 230.
Hondius, p. 97.
There has been some wild exaggeration about the numbers of Serbs killed during the war. This figure is probably the most accurate; see Tomasevich, pp. 727 – 8.
Zbigniew Ogrodzinski, personal interview, 30 October 2007. The same thing occurred in Transnistria; see Werth, pp. 814—15.
Major A. G. Moon, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir, p. 50.
Milward, War,
Economy
and Society, p. 215.
National minorities in December 1945 accounted for only 10 per cent of the population of eastern Europe: see Pearson, p. 229.
Farmer, passim.
For statistics on Lidice see Anon.,
Komu sluší omluva?,
p. 70; and Sayer, pp. 231 and 369, fn. 45.
Miloslava Kalibová interview in Charles Wheeler’s BBC documentary A Shadow Over Europe, 2002.
Miloslava Kalibová interview with Carmen T. Illichmann, ‘Lidice: Remembering the Women and Children’, UW-L
Journal of Undergraduate Research,
8 (2005).
Saint-Exupéry, p. 63.
Major A. G. Moon, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir. In Berlin there were almost two women for every man: see Naimark,
Russians,
p. 127.
See Barber and Harrison, p. 207; also Mark Harrison’s essay ‘The Soviet Union: The Defeated Victor’, in Harrison, p. 286; and Milward,
War, Economy and Society,
p. 212.
See Macardle, pp. 107, 202, 231. See also Brosse, p. 29.
Byford-Jones, p. 52.
Ibid., p. 55.
Macardle, p. 80. This is a conservative figure: UNESCO figures from 1946 suggest 1.7 million; see Brosse, p. 30.
TNA: PRO FO 938/310.
Andrzej C., personal interview, 3 March 2008.
Brosse, p. 29.
Andrzej C., personal interview, 3 March 2008.
According to Red Cross estimates in 1948, Brosse, p. 28.
For official figures in various countries, see Macardle, pp. 58, 80, 107, 156, 200, 206 and 287.
See, for example, Lucie Cluver and Frances Gardner, ‘The Mental Health of Children Orphaned by Aids: A Review of International And Southern African Research’,
Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Hearth,
19. (1) (2007), pp. 1 – 17. This compares AIDS orphans with orphans from other causes (including war) and non-orphans.
CHAPTER 3 – DISPLACEMENT
According to Tooze, p. 517, foreign labour in Germany reached a peak of 7,907,000 at the end of 1944. See also IWM Docs 84/47/1, statistical tables kept by Miss B. F. N. Lewis; Spoerer, p. 222; Proudfoot, p. 159.
For number of bombing evacuees see TNA: PRO WO 219/3549. For German refugees fleeing the Red Army, see Tooze, p. 672. See also Beevor,
Berlin,
p. 48.
For the various conflicting figures for British and American prisoners of war, see Nichol and Rennell, pp. 416 – 20.
For the total number of displaced in
all
of Germany, Tooze has 20 million, p. 672. For figures on individual groups within this total see Spoerer, p. 212; Hitchcock, p. 250; Proudfoot, pp. 158 – 9; Marrus, pp. 299, 326.
Proudfoot, p. 34.
Derek L. Henry, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir, p. 93.
Padover, p. 273.
Mrs E. Druhm, IWM Docs 02/28/1, manuscript memoir.
Major A. G. Moon, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir, p. 58.
Andrzej C., personal interview, 11 February 2008.
Mrs E. Druhm, IWM Docs 02/28/1, manuscript memoir.
Marilka Ossowska, personal interview, 17 November 2007.
CHAPTER 4 — FAMINE
For Spain see
New York Times
magazine, 18 March 1945, p. 51; for Switzerland see Milward,
War, Economy and Society,
p. 255.
See Hionidou, esp. ch. 4.
Ibid., p. 162.
According to the Red Cross: see Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece,
p. 41. For figures ranging from 100,000 to 450,000 see Hionidou, pp. 2, 158.
For German requisitions and the subsequent Dutch hardship, see van der Zee,
passim,
and Fuykschot, pp. 124—50.
For reports on Holland, see TNA: PRO FO 371/39329, 20 May 1944; and AIR 8/823, ‘Interview between the Prime Minister and Dr Gerbrandy, Prime Minister of the Netherlands’, 5 October 1944. For statistics on emergency supplies shipped to Holland, against those shipped to Belgium, see WO 106/4419, and FO 371/49032. See also Hitchcock, pp. 98—122.
NARA RG 331 SHAEF G-5, entry 47, box 27, Military Government Branch, Main HQ, First Canadian Army, Weekly Report no. 27, period 13—19 May 1945.
The Times,
7 May 1945.
For the lower figure see Hitchcock, p. 122; for the higher figure see Hirschfeld, p. 53.
Himmler to Seyss-Inquart, 7 January 1941, quoted in Hirschfeld, p. 46.
Tooze, p. 264.
Ibid., p. 539.
Calorific intake figures in Judt, p. 21; Tooze, p. 361.
Letter of 4 February 1945, in Wolff-Mönckeberg, p. 107.
Tooze, p. 419.
For rations in liberated Holland, see TNA: PRO WO 32/16168, Montgomery message to Eisenhower. For rations in German-occupied Holland, see Burger et al., pp. 20—24. For Rotterdam, see Hitchcock, p. 114.
Quoted in Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece,
p. 33.
Tooze, p. 467.
Ibid., p. 366.
Ibid., pp. 479—80. At a weekend party just before the invasion of Russia began, Himmler told colleagues, ‘The purpose of the Russian campaign is to decimate the Slavic population by thirty millions’; see Rees,
Auschwitz,
pp. 53—4.
See, for example, the many stories in Geddes,
passim.
Krawchenko, p. 27.
For the lower figure see Spoerer, p. 72; for the higher figure see Tooze, p. 482, who claims that a further 600,000 were executed. See also Herbert, p. 141.
Glantz, p. 220.
TNA, FO 1005/1631, Reports on conditions in Germany, 1945—1946.
New York Times,
9 September 1944: ‘$100,000,000 in Aid Sent to Italians’;
Daily Express,
6 September 1944: ‘Finished with War, Rome Cries for Bread’; New York Times, 8 December 1944: ‘Housewives Riot on Prices in Rome’.
Hitchcock, p. 234.
See Macardle, p. 206.
Ruth Irmgard testimony in Jacobs, p. 72.
Botting, p. 168; Lewis, p. 61.
Macardle, p. 201.
R. J. Hunting, IWM Docs 10519 P339, typescript memoir, pp. 272—4.
Quoted in Hitchcock, p. 277.
CHAPTER 5 — MORAL DESTRUCTION
Lewis, pp. 25—6.
Ibid., pp. 42—3, 56—7.
Blunt, p. 56.
Macardle, pp. 94, 206.
Moorehead, p. 66.
Quoted in Byford-Jones, p. 38.
Hionidou, ch. 4.
See, for example, Tec, p. 91.
Anon.,
A Woman in Berlin,
pp. 57—60.
Andrzej C., personal interview, 11 February 2008.
Risto Jaakkola and Henrik Tham, ‘Traditional Crime in Scandinavia During the Second World War’, in Takala and Tham, pp. 38—51.
Fishman, p. 85.
Brosse, p. 80.
Zbigniew Ogrodzinski, personal interview, 30 October 2007; Captain 1. B. Mackay, IWM Docs 94/8/1, typescript memoir, p. 130.
Moorehead, p. 66.
Porch, p. 518.
Lewis, p. 100.
Botting, p. 183. See also TNA: PRO FO 1050/292, letter from anti-Fascist parties of Germany on increase in brigandage, 31 January 1946; and FO 1050/323 for Berlin statistics in 1945.
Anon.,
A Woman in Berlin,
p. 209.
Andreas-Friedrich, p. 20, entry for 9 May 1945.
Polcz, p. 92.
Alik Ossowski, personal interview, 17 November 2007; Maria Bielicka, personal interview, 28 January 2008.
Maria Bielicka, personal interview, 28 January 2008.
Milward, War,
Economy and Society,
p. 282.
Ibid., p. 283.
Quoted in Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece,
pp. 60—61.
The Great Decree, no. 16/1945, para. 10: see Frommer, p. 353.
Lt Gen. Sir Frederick Morgan to the Foreign Office’s Under Secretary of State, 14 September 1946, IWM Docs 02/49/1.
Margaret Gore interview, IWM Sound, 9285, reel 4.
Pavone, pp. 475—91.
Lt Gen. Sir Frederick Morgan to the Foreign Office’s Under Secretary of State, 14 September 1946, IWM Docs 02/49/1.
Quoted in Hitchcock, p. 252.
According to the
New York Times,
23 August 1944.
Dutton, pp. 114—22.
Photographic evidence of such mutilation exists in the Italian Foreign Ministry Archive, Archivo Storico Diplomatico Jugoslavia (Croazia) AAPP B. 138 (1943) — see Steinberg, pp. 30, 271.
See Hitchcock, p. 229.
According to the Jewish eyewitness Yakov Groyanowski, quoted in Friedländer, p. 318.
De Zayas,
Terrible Revenge,
p. 45.
Snyder, p. 172.
Lotnik, p. 59.
See Konrad Kwiet, ‘Erziehung zum Mord: Zwei Beispiele zur Kontinuität der deutschen “Endlösung der Judenfrage”’, in Grüttner et al., p. 449.
Bourke, p. 359.
Polcz, p. 104.
Kopelev, p. 57.
Central Statistical Office, pp. 48—50. See also ‘Combating Crime’,
The Times,
23. July 1946, p. 5; and ‘A Problem Picture’,
The Times,
3 June 1948, p. 5.
Bourke, p. 378.
Quoted in Botting, pp. 35—6.
Werner, p. 88.
See Bosch, pp. 34, 52; and Willis, pp. 69—70:
perception
of the extent of rape by French colonial troops was worse than the reality.
