Sex for Sale~Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry (62 page)

59. General Accountability Office,
Human Trafficking: Better Data, Strategy,
and Reporting Needed to Enhance U.S. Anti-trafficking Efforts Abroad
, Washington, DC: GAO, 2006, pp. 2, 10, 3, 14.

60. U.S. Department of State,
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2008
, accessed December 21, 2008. http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/. As of December 2008, 787 T-visas – a 4-year temporary visa, created for trafficked persons under the 2003 TVPRA – have been given to trafficked persons in the U.S. An additional 682 T-visas have been given to family members of trafficked persons. Reported in the
Federal Register
v. 73, no. 240 (December 12, 2008), pp. 75, 552.

61. U.S. Department of State,
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2008
; see also

“U.S. Government Domestic Anti-Trafficking in Persons Efforts.”

http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105385.htm.

62. Kathryn Farr,
Sex Trafficking
, New York: Worth, 2005, p. 3.

63. See www.unescobkk.org/culture/trafficking. UNESCO’s Trafficking Statistics Project is an ongoing project attempting to assess the scale of the problem.

348

SEX TRAFFICKING: FACTS AND FICTIONS

64. Liz Kelly, “You Can Find Anything You Want: A Critical Reflection on Research on Trafficking in Persons within and into Europe,”

International Migration
43 (2005): 235–265, at p. 237.

65. Guri Tyldum and Anette Brunovskis, “Describing the Unobserved: Methodological Challenges in Empirical Studies on Human Trafficking,”
International Migration
43 (2005): 17–34.

66. Elzbieta Gozdziak and Elizabeth Collett, “Research on Human Trafficking in North America: A Review of the Literature,”
International
Migration
43 (2005): 99–128.

67. Gary Haugen, International Justice Mission, Testimony before Congressional Human Rights Caucus, U.S. House of Representatives (June 6, 2002); CATW: www.catwinternational.org.

68. Louise Shelley, “The Trade in People in and from the Former Soviet Union,”
Crime, Law, and Social Change
40 (2003): 231–249.

69. International Organization for Migration,
Second Annual Report on Victims
of Trafficking in South-Eastern Europe
, Geneva: IOM, 2005, p. 12. The numbers were 1329 in 2003 and 1227 in 2004.

70. www.catwinternational.org.

71. Janice Raymond, “Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution,”
Journal
of Trauma Practice
2 (2003): 317.

72. Linda Smith, Testimony before Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Hearing on the State Department’s 2002

Trafficking in Persons Report
, June 19, 2002, p. 66.

73. www.cwfa.org.

74. U.S. Department of State,
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2005
, Washington, DC: Department of State, 2005.

75. Transcrime,
Study on National Legislation on Prostitution and the Trafficking
in Women and Children
, Report to the European Parliament, 2005, p.

121. There has also been an overall decrease in prostitution establishments (brothels, window units) since legalization in 2000, arguably because of stricter regulation.

76. Kamala Kempadoo, “Introduction: Globalizing Sex Workers’ Rights,”

in Kemala Kempadoo and Jo Doezema, eds.,
Global Sex Workers: Rights,
Resistance, and Redefinition
, New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 17.

77. Alison Murray, “Debt Bondage and Trafficking,” in K. Kempadoo and J. Doezema, eds.,
Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance, and Redefinition,
New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 60.

78. Barbara Brents and Kathryn Hausbeck, “Violence and Legalized Brothel Prostitution in Nevada,”
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
20 (2005): 270–295; A.L. Dalder,
Lifting the Ban on Brothels
, The Hague,
349

RONALD WEITZER AND MELISSA DITMORE

Netherlands: Ministry of Justice, 2004; Crime and Misconduct Commission,
Regulating Prostitution: An Evaluation of the Prostitution Act
1999, Queensland
, Brisbane, Australia: CMC, 2004; Prostitution Law Review Committee,
Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the
Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003
, Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2008.

79. Vanwesenbeeck, “Another Decade”; Weitzer, “Flawed Theory”; Weitzer,

“New Directions.”

80. The TVPA created a new federal crime of “severe trafficking” in persons, which could result in a prison term of 20 years.

81. Dorothy Stetson, “The Invisible Issue: Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Girls in the United States,” in Joyce Outshoorn, ed.,
The
Politics of Prostitution
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

82. John Miller, “A Modern Slave Trade,”
New York Post
, May 22, 2005.

83. Miller, quoted in Bumiller, “Evangelicals Sway White House.”

84. Ditmore, “Trafficking in Lives”; Shapiro, “New Abolitionists”; Penelope Saunders, “Traffic Violations,”
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
20 (2005): 343–360.

85. The following are some of the formal “coalition members” in the Rescue and Restore Coalition: CATW, Protection Project, Evangelicals for Social Action, Family Research Council, SAGE, Sex Industry Survivors, Break the Chain Campaign, Religious Freedom Coalition, Focus on the Family, American Conservative Union, Culture of Life Foundation, Christian Medical Association, Concerned Women for America, Restoration Ministries International, and many other Christian organizations. See Attorney General,
Report to Congress on U.S. Government
Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons in Fiscal Year 2004
, Washington, DC: Department of Justice, 2005, Appendix 2.

86. Shapiro, “New Abolitionists.”

87. Thomas Edsall, “Grants Flow to Bush Allies on Social Issues,”

Washington Post
, March 22, 2006; Esther Kaplan,
With God on Their Side:
George W. Bush and the Christian Right
, New York: New Press, 2005, pp.

214–218.

88. To cite just a few examples, in FY 2003 and FY 2004, CATW received $482,000, SAGE $200,000, the Protection Project $492,000, Donna Hughes $158,000, the Catholic Bishops Conference $600,000, Shared Hope International $500,000, World Vision $500,000, and the International Rescue Committee $2,666,000. See Attorney General,
Report to Congress on U.S. Government Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons
350

SEX TRAFFICKING: FACTS AND FICTIONS

in Fiscal Year 2003
, Washington, DC: Department of Justice, 2004; Attorney General,
Report, 2004
.

89. Raymond and Hughes,
Sex Trafficking
; Coalition Against Trafficking in Women,
Coalition Report
, Amherst: CATW, 2001, p. 7.

90. GAO,
Human Trafficking
, 25.

91. Wagner, quoted in Markon, “Human Trafficking,” p. A8.

92. Richard Land, quoted in Bumiller, “Evangelicals Sway White House.”

93. Stolz, “Educating Policymakers”; Testimony at Congressional Hearing on Trafficking in Women and Children in East Asia and Beyond, Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, April 9, 2003.

94. National Institute of Justice,
Solicitation: Trafficking in Human Beings
Research and Comprehensive Literature Review
, Washington, DC: Department of Justice, 2007, p. 4.

95. Hughes, “Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing,” p. 2.

96. TVPA 2000, §103[3]; TVPRA 2005, §207[3].

97. Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children,
The U.S.

Response to Human Trafficking
, p. 14.

98. Farrell, et al.,
Understanding and Improving
, pp. 90–91.

99. William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008.

100. Doezema, “Loose Women or Lost Women.”

101. Doezema, “Loose Women or Lost Women,” p. 24.

102. Janet Crouse, quoted in “Human Trafficking Now Tied for World’s #2

Crime,” Concerned Women for America website, December 6, 2005.

103. Barbara Sullivan, “Trafficking in Women: Feminism and New International Law,”
International Feminist Journal of Politics
5 (2003): 67–91.

104. See Chapters 8 and 9 in this volume.

351

CONTRIBUTORS

Sharon A. Abbott
received her Ph.D. in Sociology from Indiana University in Bloomington, and now works for the Population Council.

Jill A. Bakehorn
is a Ph.D. candidate in Sociology at the University of California, Davis. Her chapter in this volume draws on her dissertation research exploring women-made pornography. Research interests include the social construction of gender and sexuality and their representations in popular culture.

David S. Bimbi
is Assistant Professor of Health Sciences at LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York, and a Faculty Affiliate at the Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies and Training in New York City.

He is a social psychologist specializing in behavioral health. David has published numerous articles with his co-authors on male sex workers. He recently began working on developing evidence-based programs for transgender women and hopes to begin research on sex work with this population.

Louis Bonilla
received his M.P.A. degree from Princeton University. He is the Executive Director of the Gay and Lesbian Latino AIDS Education Initiative (www.galaei.org), a nonprofit organization that focuses on issues affecting Philadelphia’s Latino and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities.

Denise Brennan
is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Georgetown University in Washington, DC. She is the author of
What’s Love Got to Do with
It? Transnational Desires and Sex Tourism in Sosúa, the Dominican Republic
(2004).

Currently, she is writing a book on the resettlement of formerly trafficked persons in the United States,
Life after Trafficking: Resettlement after Forced Labor
in the United States
.

Barbara G. Brents
is an Associate Professor of Sociology and affiliate of the Women’s Studies department at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. With
353

CONTRIBUTORS

Kathryn Hausbeck she has been conducting research on the Nevada brothel industry and sexual commerce in and around Las Vegas for the last 15 years, and they have a forthcoming book on the topic,
The State of Sex
.

Michelle Carnes
is a Ph.D. candidate in Anthropology at American University in Washington, DC. Her publications include a chapter on women’s sex videos as liberatory teaching tools in the anthology
Pornification
(2007), and a chapter in the anthology
Shifting Positionalities
(2009) about heterosexist media coverage of black same-sex desiring women’s parties in New York City. Her dissertation, entitled
Do it for Your Sistas
, is a 3-year ethnography of black same-sex desiring women involved in erotic performance events.

Lynn Comella
is Assistant Professor of Women’s Studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Her research and teaching interests include media and popular culture, gender, sexuality, and ethnographic research. She is the author of several articles and is completing a book on the history of feminist sex toy stores and the growth of the women’s sex toy market in the United States.

Melissa Ditmore
, Ph.D., is currently on the board of the Global Network of Sex Work Projects, and has been an author on all the reports released by the Sex Workers Project in New York City. She is editor of the
Encyclopedia of
Prostitution and Sex Work
(2006), and edits the annual journal
Research for Sex
Work
. Melissa has written extensively about sex work, migration, and trafficking.

Deanne Dolnick
received her M.A. degree from California State University in Northridge. She has worked for the Rand Corporation, and was an interviewer and researcher on the Los Angeles Women’s Health Risk Study on Prostitution.

Katherine Frank
is a cultural anthropologist and a faculty associate at the College of the Atlantic in Maine. She is also a fiction writer and former exotic dancer. Her writings include
G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and
Male Desire
(2002) and the co-edited
Flesh for Fantasy: Producing and
Consuming Exotic Dance
(2006). Katherine has also written on pornography, feminism, monogamy, swinging, and reality television.

Kathleen Guidroz
is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Mount St. Mary’s University in Maryland. Her research interests include gender, labor, and
354

CONTRIBUTORS

sexuality. In addition to her work on commercial telephone sex, she has written on escort work and sadomasochism. She is currently researching U.S.

organizations that provide services to sex workers, and is coediting a book on race–class–gender intersections.

Kathryn Hausbeck
is Associate Professor of Sociology at University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and Senior Associate Dean of the Graduate College. She studies commercial sexuality, late capitalist culture, and urban issues. Kathryn has a forthcoming book co-authored with Barbara Brents on Nevada’s legal brothels,
The State of Sex
.

Juline Koken
, Ph.D., is a social psychologist and Project Director at the Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies and Training in New York. She is also a postdoctoral fellow in Behavioral Science Training at the National Development and Research Institute. Her research interests center around the ways in which emotion management and stigma coping strategies shape the experiences and well-being of sex workers of all genders. Forthcoming work includes an article on feminist theory and prostitution. For a future project, Juline plans to research the clients of sex workers.

Janet Lever
is Professor of Sociology at California State University in Los Angeles
,
has spent over 35 years examining sexuality as part of her broader interests in gender studies. Current research interests include office romance as well as predictors of sex satisfaction and infidelity. From 1991 through 1998, she coauthored the “Sex and Health” column for
Glamour
magazine. In addition to numerous articles in professional journals, Janet has also written dozens of popular articles for magazines like
Playboy
,
Ms.
,
New Woman
, and
Sexual Health
. Since 2002, she has conducted annual online sex surveys sponsored by
Elle
magazine and posted on msnbc.com.