Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon (78 page)

22. Lamb, 1985, p. 165.

23. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, Pp. 110-112.

24. Calvo, 198I/I995b, p. 191.

25. Cebridn, 2005, p. 126.

26. Calvo, 198I/1995b, p. 212.

27. Calvo, 198i/i995b, p. 211.

28. Chevalier, 1982, P. 344.

CHAPTER 18

i. For example, Lacaze & Alexiades, 1995, containing seventy-seven plant descriptions; Mejia & Rengifo, 2000, containing 105 plant descriptions; and Pinedo,
Rengifo, & Cerruti, 1997, containing fifty-two plant descriptions.

2. Mejia & Rengifo, 2000.

3. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 130.

4. Luna, 1986c, p. 123.

5. Bear, 2000, p. 212.

6. Bear, 2000, p. 126.

7. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 128.

8. Brown, 1986, p. 62; Descola, 1993/1996, PP. 322, 329-330; Perruchon, 2003,
p. 19o.

9. Gow, 2001, pp. 135, 139-

io. Whitten & Whitten, 2008, pp. 66, 71, 8o.

ii. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 70.

12. Quoted in Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1975, PP. 95-96.

13. Luna, 1986c, pp. iii, 147.

14. Bear, 2000, p.74.

15. See generally Dobkin de Rios, 1981. See Duke & Vasquez, 1994, P. 133;
Heaven & Charing, 2006, p. 177; Luna, 1986c, p. 137.

16. For example, Taussig, 1987, P. 252.

17. Luna, 1986c, p. io8.

18. Hvalkof, 2004, P. 59.

19. Hvalkof, 2004, P. 59; Lenaerts, 2006.

20. Quoted in Hvalkof, 2004, p. 222.

21. Quoted in Heaven & Charing, 2006, p. 177-

22. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, Pp. 110-112.

23. Chaumeil, 1983/2000, p. 247.

24. Castonguay, 1990, p. 109.

25. Brown, 1986, pp. 153-16o; Chevalier, 1982, PP. 384-389.

26. Rosengren, 2000, p. 232.

27. Vidal & Whitehead, 2004, p. 56.

28. Wright, 2004, PP. 95, 106 n. 17.

29. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 118 n. 168.

30. Kulick, 1998, PP- 3, 84, 108-

31. See Castonguay, 1990, p. 114.

32. Perruchon, 2003, P. 255.

33. Heaven & Charing, 2006, p. 15o.

34. Heaven & Charing, 2006, p. 150.

35. Luna, 1986c, p. 105, 1992, P. 241.

36. Quoted in Dobkin de Rios & Rumrrill, 2008, p. 64.

37. Quoted in Charing, 2007d.

38. Perruchon, 2003, P. 255.

39. Castonguay, 1990, p. 11; Emmons, 1997, PP. 153-154-

40. Bear, 2000, pp. 158-159-

CHAPTER 19

1. Chevalier, 1982, p. 13; Dobkin de Rios, 1992; Luna, 1984b, 1986c, p. 14; Luna
& Amaringo, 1993, P. 12.

2. Cebrian, 2005, Pp. 24-25; Chevalier, 1982, P. 340; Luna, 1986c, p. 32.

3. Bear, 2000, p. 18.

4. Luna, 1984b, 1986c; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, Pp. 12-13.

5. Chaumeil, 1992, p. 104; Luna, 1984b. On spiritist healing, see Bragdon, 2004;
Bronson, 1983; Koss-Chiono, 2005; Tsemberis & Stefancic, 2000. An excellent
summary of spiritist doctrine in South America is Dobkin de Rios & Rumrrill,
2008,p.1923.

6. Chevalier, 1982, p. 381; Luna, 1986c, P. 32.

7. Marcelo Simao Mercante, personal communication, June 26, 2003.

8. Chevalier, 1982, p. 361.

9. They often make this same distinction in terms of colors. Don Roberto and dona
Maria say that they are pura blancura, followers of the pure white path, as opposed
to brujos, sorcerers, who practice magia negra, black magic, or the even worse
magia roja, red magic.

10. Sammarco & Palazzolo, 2002.

11. See generally Luna, 1986c, p. 32; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 13.

12. Chevalier, 1982, PP. 340 n. 4, 349.

13. Hvalkof, 2004, P. 59.

14. Chevalier, 1982, PP. 340 n. 4, 349.

15. Demange, 2002; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 38. Again, this notion is widespread
in the Amazon. Among the Arawete, a shaman is evaluated according to his singing style and the originality of his songs (Viveiros de Castro, 1994, P. 225).

16. Gow, 1996, p. 96.

17. For a painting of such a "spiritual heart operation," see Luna & Amaringo, 1993,
p. 103.

18. Sammarco & Palazzolo, 2002.

19. Bear, 2000, pp. 18, 132.

20. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 134 n. 180.

21. Sammarco & Palazzolo, 2002.

22. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 32 n. 37. Harner (1971, p. 119) sees the loan going
in the other direction-from Spanish banco, which indicates the part of the placer
mining apparatus that retains the gold-bearing gravel. Banku thus refers to a
shaman believed to be a similarly rich repository of shamanic power.

23. Uzendoski, 2005, p. 58; see also Muratorio, 1991, pp. 181, 184, 260.

24. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 32 n. 37; Whitten, 1976, p. 149.

25. Perruchon, 2003, p. 196.

26. Descola, 1993/1996, P. 344.

27. Sammarco & Palazzolo, 2002. A painting of a banco under a mosquito net while
celestial spirits descend on him is in Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 100-

28. Bear, 2000, pp. 18, 137, 191, 203-205.

29. Chevalier, 1982, P. 350; Gebhart-Sayer, 1984, P. 44.

30. Ministerio de Salud del Peru, 2002, pp. 107-108-

31. Tournon, iggi.

32. Silva, 2004, P. 195.

33. Deleage, n.d.; Valenzuela & Valera Rojas, 2005, p. 114.

34. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 74, 128.

35. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 140.

36. Luna, 1984b.

37. Luna, 2005.

38. Luna, 1984b.

39. Luna, 1984b.

40. Sammarco & Palazzolo, 2002.

41. Calderwood, 2008, p. 20; Charing & Cloudsley, 2006, p. 18; Freedman, 2000,
p. 118; Gow, 1996, p. 105; Sammarco & Palazzolo, 2002.

42. Tindall, 2008, p. 209.

43. Tindall, 2008, p. 209.

44 Freedman, 2000, p. ii8.

45. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, Pp. 82, 84, 86,106, 124.

46. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 32.

47. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 128.

CHAPTER 20

1. McKenna, Luna, & Towers, 1995.

2. L6pez Vinatea, 2000.

3. Mercier, 1979, P. 352; Whitten, 1976, p. 305.

4. Gow, 1991, PP- 187, 191, 1995, P• 54•

5. On the Pacific coastal areas, see Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1960. On the Peruvian and
Bolivian Amazon, see Alexiades, 1999; Andritzky, 1989a, 1989b; Arevalo, 1986;
Baer, 1969, 1979, 1992; Baer & Snell, 1974; Bear, 2000; Brown, 1978, 1986, 1988,
1989; Carneiro, 1964; Chaumeil, 1983/2000; Chaumeil & Chaumeil, 1979; Chevalier, 1982; Desmarchelier, Gurni, Ciccia, & Giulietti, 1996; Dobkin de Rios, 197oa,
197ob, 1971, 1972b, 1973; Friedberg, 1965; Gebhart-Sayer, 1984, 1985, 1986; Illius,
1992; Johnson, 2003; Katz & Dobkin de Rios, 1971; Kensinger, 1973; Kusel, 1965;
Langdon, 1979; Luna, 1984a, 1984b, 1986c, 1991a, 1992, 2003; Luna & Amaringo,
1993; Rusby, 1923; Shepard, 1998; Siskind, 1973a, 1973b, 1973c; Stocks, 1979;
Weiss, 1973, 1975; White, 1922. On the peoples of Colombia, see Bristol, 1966;
Bruzzi, 1962; de Calella, 1935, 1944a, 1944b; Goldman, 1979; Koch-Grunberg,
1909-1910, 1923; Morton, 1931; Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1944, 1968/1971, 1969, 1970,
1972, 1975; Taussig, 1987; Uscatagui, 1959. On the peoples of Ecuador, see Davis
& Yost, 1983a, 1983b, 1983c; Descola, 1986/1994, 1993/1996; Harner, 1971, 1973a,
1973b, 1973c; Marles, Neill, & Farnsworth, 1988; Mercier, 1979; Naranjo, 1975,
1979, 1983; Perruchon, 2003; Whitten, 1976. On Amazonian Brazil, see Ducke,
1957; Lowie, 1946; Prance, 1970; Prance, Campbell, & Nelson, 1977; Prance &
Prance, 1970.

6. Luna, 1986a, 1986b; Luna & Amaringo, 1993. For reviews of the literature, see Naranjo, 1983; Ott, 1994, 1996; Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1975; Schultes & Hofmann, 1980.

7. Among the Campa Indians, ayahuasca is known as kamarampi, vomitive, emetic-a
valued effect, associated with cleansing (Chevalier, 1982, p. 406 n. 22; Johnson,
2003, p. 217; Weiss, 1973, PP. 43-44).

8. Etkin (1986, p. 18) argues that the diarrhea and vomiting induced by the ayahuasca
vine were its primary action, intended as treatment for intestinal infections, with
psychoactivity used solely as a dosage marker; see also Rodriguez & Cavin, 1982.

9. Luna, 1984b.

io. Demange, 2002.

ii. Lewis, 1998, P. 714.

12. McKenna, 1999, P. 193; Ott, 1996, p. 204; Schultes & Hofmann, 1992, P. 53.

13. Shulgin & Shulgin, 1997, PP. 444-448.

14. Hanson, 2005, p. 211.

15. See Bigwood & Ott, 1997, PP. 57-58; McKenna, Callaway, & Grob, 1998; Ott, 1996,
p. 164; Stafford, 1992, P. 322; Strassman, 1991.

16. Schultes, 1954; Seit, 1967-

17. De Budowski, Marini-Bettolo, Delle Monache, & Ferrari, 1974; McKenna & Towers, 1985; McKenna etal., 1998; Ott, 1996, p. 164.

18. Deshayes, 2002, p. 71-

19. Davis, 1995; McKenna etal., 1995; McKenna etal., 1998; McKenna, Towers, & Abbott, 1984; Nichols, Oberlender, & McKenna, 1991; Shulgin, 1978; Schultes, 1972.

20. Allende, 2008, p. 210; Piccalo, 2008; Hancock, 2005.

21. Arkenberg, 2006, p. 205.

22. Perrine, 1996, P. 237.

23. Goldberg, 2006, p. 269.

CHAPTER 21

i. Ginsberg, 1961, p. 96.

2. Burroughs & Ginsberg, 1963/1975, P. 30.

3. Walker, 2004, P. 52.

4. Allende, 2008, pp. 211-212.

5. Taussig, 1987, PP. 406-407, 410, 412, 438.

6. Dobkin de Rios, 1972b, p. 127. Numerous plants of the Upper Amazon used as
emetics and purgatives are given in Schultes & Raffauf, 199o; of the fifty rain forest
plants discussed by Taylor (1998), twelve are listed as vermifuges.

7. Bear, 2000, p. 133.

8. Bear, 2000, p. 21.

9. Gow, 2001, p. 139•

1o. Duke & Vasquez, 1994, P. 92.

ii. Lewis etal., 1991.

CHAPTER 22

i. Callaway et al., 1996; Der Marderosian, Pinkley, & Dobbins, 1968; Hashimoto
& Kawanishi, 1975; Hochstein & Paradies, 1957; McKenna, Callaway, & Grob,
1998; McKenna, Towers, & Abbott, 1984; Poisson, 1965; Rivier & Lindgren,
1972; Schultes, Holmstedt, & Lindgren, 1969. Tetrahydroharmine is also called
d-leptaflorine, since it was originally isolated from Leptactinia densiflora;
harmaline is also called dihydroharmine.

2. Buckholtz & Boggan, 1977; Lindgren, 1995, P. 347; Udenfriend, Witkop, Redfield,
& Weissbach, 1958.

3. Callaway et al., 1999; Ott, 1994; Pinkley, 1969; Schultes, 1957.

4. Callaway et al., 1999; McKenna etal., 1998.

5. Callaway, Airaksinen, McKenna, Brito, & Grob, 1994, P. 386.

6. Shulgin & Shulgin, 1997, PP. 455-457.

7. Halpern, 193oa, 193ob; Slotkin, DiStefano, & An, 1970; Leuner & Schlichting, 1989;
De Smet, 1985-

8. Turner, Merlis, & Carl, 1955.

9. Ott, 1994, P• 55-

10. Naranjo, 1967, 1973b. For a sharply worded critique, see Ott, 1996, p. 260 n. 3.

ii. Naranjo, 1967, p. 390.

12. Naranjo, 1967, p. 390.

13. Naranjo, 1973b, pp. 178-190-

14. Shulgin & Shulgin, 1997, PP. 445-447.

15. Shulgin & Shulgin, 1997, P. 447.

16. Frison, Favretto, Zancanaro, Fazzin, & Ferrara, 2008.

17. Naranjo, 1973b; Ott, 1996, p. 26o n. 3.

18. Weil, 1980/1998, p. 128; Weiskopf, 2005, p. 122.

19. Perruchon, 2003, p. 216.

20. Lamb, 1985, p. 178.

21. Luna, 1986c, p. 59.

22. Davis, 1998, p. 163.

23. Davis, 1996, p. 216.

24. Pinchbeck, 2002, p. 140.

25. Luna, 1984b.

26. Bonson & Baggott, 2002, pp. 236-237. In this regard, too, it is interesting to
note that animals trained to respond to the effects of harmaline identify 2,5dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, or DOM, also called STP, a phenethylamine
hallucinogen, as having effects similar to those of harmaline (Bonson & Baggott,
2002, p. 237).

27- Rodd, 2008.

28. Ott, 1994, P. 35; Hochstein & Paradies, 1957.

29. Callaway, 1999, P. 267.

30. Shulgin & Shulgin, 1997, P. 586.

P. Agurell, Holmstedt, & Lindgren, 1968; Der Marderosian et al., 1968; McKenna et
al., 1984; Poisson, 1965; see Ott, 1994, Table II-B, p. 40.

32. Callaway, Brito, & Neves, 2005; Callaway et al., 1999; Der Marderosian, Kensinger,
Chao, & Goldstein, 1970; McKenna et al., 1984; Rivier & Lindgren, 1972; see Ott,
1994, Table II-B, p. 40.

33. Callaway et al., 1999; Hochstein & Paradies, 1957; McKenna etal., 1984; Poisson,
1965; Rivier & Lindgren, 1972; Schultes et al., 1969; see Ott, 1994, Table II-A, p. 38.

34. See generally Chen & Saunders, 1999; Hunter & Aarssen, 1988; Stuller, 1995

35. Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1975, p. 198; Weiskopf, 2005, pp. 128-129.

36. Reichel-Dolmatoff,1975, PP- 198-199; Weiskopf, 2005, p. 127.

37. Callaway, 1999, P. 268; Callaway et al., 2005, pp. 146-149. Special care was taken
to select leaves at equivalent stages of development.

38. Weiskopf, 2005, p. 114-

39• Weiskopf, 2005, p. 125.

40. Luna, 1986c, p. 144 n. 85.

41. Quoted in Dobkin de Rios & Rumrrill, 2008, p. 61.

42. Luna, 1986c, P. 151.

43. Davis, 1996, p. 218; Junquera, 1989, PP. 52-53; Weiskopf, 2005, pp. 123-125-

44. Callaway, 1999, P. 267. These results appear not to have been replicated in Callaway et al., 2005, p. 146.

45. Callaway, 2005; Callaway et al., 1999; Der Marderosian et al., 1970; Liwszyc, Vuori,
Rasanen, & Issakanen, 1992; McKenna et al., 1984; Rivier & Lindgren, 1972; see
also Ott, 1994, Table II-C, p. 41.

46. Callaway, 2005, P. 153.

47. Callaway, 2005; Callaway etal., 1999; McKenna etal., 1984; Rivier & Lindgren,
1972.

48. Callaway, 2005; Rivier & Lindgren, 1972. For a general discussion, see McKenna et
al., 1998, p. 66; Ott, 1994, PP. 33-50.

49. McKenna etal.,1984; Ott, 1994, P. 37.

50. Weiskopf, 2005, pp. 115-116.

51. Weiskopf, 2005, pp. 118-119-

52. Pinchbeck, 2002, P. 212.

53• Swerdlow, 2000, p. 244.

54• Swerdlow, 2000, pp. 117, 290.

55• Swerdlow, 2000, pp. 47, 232.

56. These descriptions are derived from a discussion on the Ayahuasca Forums Web
site; see Druiddream, 2004; Ichinen, 2004; Napoleon Blownapart, 2004.

57. Shulgin & Shulgin, 1997, Pp. 298, 585.

58. Laing, 2003, p. 1,0; Ott, 1996, p. 204; Shulgin & Shulgin, 1997, P. 454.

59. Gayle, 2007; Mirante, 2oo8a, 2oo8b; see also Luna, 1984b.