Slave Next Door (61 page)

1. Sheila Toomey, “Russians Brought by a Chugiak Man Were Supposed to

Be Tourists, Officials Say,”
Anchorage Daily News,
January 6, 2001.

2. Vicki Viotti, “Waipahu Man Accused of Human Trafficking,”
Honolulu

Advertiser,
June 14, 2003.

3. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, United States v. Lueleni

Fetongi Maka, June 14, 2007.

4. “Immigrant Sisters Admit Charges in Human Trafficking,”
Star-Ledger,

August 4, 2006.

5. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “United States v. Jones

(Georgia),”
Anti-Trafficking News Bulletin,
Summer/Fall 2007, www.usdoj.gov/

crt/crim/trafficking_newsletter/aug_07.htm#12, 9.

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6. iAbolish American Antislavery Group, “Slavery in the United States,”

2008, www.ibolish.org/slavery_today/usa/states.html, 5.

7. Ibid., 2.

8. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “United States v.

Djoumessi (Michigan),”
Anti-Trafficking News Bulletin,
Summer/Fall 2007, 8.

9. “Human Trafficking Becomes a Problem in Virginia,” WSLS-TV, April

30, 2006.

10. “State to Focus on Human Trafficking,”
Atlanta Journal-Constitution,

April 15, 2006.

11. “Human Trafficking in North Texas,” CBS 11, Dallas, June 12, 2006.

12. “Human Trafficking in Idaho,” KBCI, July 25, 2006.

13. “Human Trafficking—in D.C.,”
Washington Times,
August 23, 2006.

14. “Human Trafficking, in Minnesota,”
Star Tribune,
October 8, 2006.

15. “State Takes on Modern Slavery,”
Press Journal,
April 7, 2006.

16. “Legislators Target Human Trafficking,”
Deseret News,
September 19,

2006.

17. “New Law Makes Human Trafficking Illegal in Iowa,” WHO-TV, April

21, 2006.

18. “State a Hot Spot for Human Trafficking, Panel Says,”
Mercury News,

December 5, 2007.

19. Amy Farrell, “State Human Trafficking Legislation,” in
Marshaling

Every Resource: State and Local Responses to Human Trafficking,
ed. Dessi

Dimitrova (Princeton, NJ: Policy Research Institute for the Region, 2007), 21.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., 22.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., 24.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 25.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid., 26.

29. Ibid.

30. Lou de Baca, counsel, U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary

Committee, interview, December 19, 2007.

31. Leslie Wolfe, president, Center for Women Policy Studies, interview,

December 21, 2007.

32. Farrell, “State Human Trafficking Legislation.”

33. Jim Finckenauer and Min Liu, “State Law and Human Trafficking,” in

Dimitrova,
Marshaling Every Resource,
5.

34. Ibid., 8.

35. Mark Lagon, interview, October 3, 2007.

36. Finckenauer and Liu, “State Law,” 9.

37. Ibid.

38. Quoted in Dimitrova,
Marshaling Every Resource,
1.

39. Center for Women Policy Studies, “Report Card on State Action to

Combat International Trafficking,” May 2007, www.centerwomenpolicy.org/

documents/ReportCardonStateActiontoCombatInternationalTrafficking.pdf, 7.

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N O T E S T O PA G E S 2 0 3 – 2 1 2 / 2 9 5

40. Leslie Wolfe, president, Center for Women Policy Studies, interview,

December 21, 2007.

41. Center for Women Policy Studies, “Report Card.”

42. The criteria are the definition of trafficking as a felony; the use of com-

prehensive language to define the trafficker, e.g., “recruits, harbors, transports

or obtains” persons; the use of “force, fraud, or coercion” as hallmarks; the

criminalization of all forms of trafficking for forced labor and involuntary

servitude—sweatshops, agricultural fields, brothels, households, etc.; enhanced

penalties for trafficking of minors; mandatory restitution to victims/survivors

and asset forfeiture of the trafficker’s goods; affirmative defense for victims (so

they are not prosecuted for crimes committed under duress); corporate liability

for traffickers; and mandatory training for state and local law enforcement.

Ibid., 6, 3.

43. Ibid., 16–17.

44. Ibid., 32–33.

45. Ibid., 16–17.

46. Center for Women Policy Studies, “Report Card,” 7 ff.

47. Ibid.

48. Leslie Wolfe, interview, December 21, 2007.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Farrell, “State Human Trafficking Legislation,” 18.

54. Ibid., 19.

55. Ibid., 20.

56. Ibid., 19.

57. Ibid., 22.

58. Lou de Baca, interview, December 19, 2007.

59. Farrell, “State Human Trafficking Legislation,” 30.

60. Ibid.

61. Finckenauer and Liu, “State Law,” 12.

9 . T H E F E D S

1. “Blame Somebody Else,”
Exposé: America’s Investigative Reports,

September 21, 2007.

2. David Phinney, “A U.S. Fortress Rises in Baghdad: Asian Workers

Trafficked to Build World’s Largest Embassy,”
CorpWatch,
October 17, 2006, 1.

3. “Construction Woes Add to Fears in Iraq,”
Washington Post,
July 5,

2007.

4. Phinney, “U.S. Fortress,” 1.

5. “Dodging on Human Trafficking?”
The Swamp, Chicago Tribune,
June

22, 2006, 2.

6. KBR (formerly known as Kellogg Brown and Root), the largest contrac-

tor in Iraq, is a subsidiary of Halliburton, the Texas-based firm that Vice

President Dick Cheney formerly helmed. KBR has a multi-billion-dollar deal

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with the U.S. military to provide a wide range of support services for the sol-

diers, including meals, housing, and laundry.

7. Phinney, “U.S. Fortress,” 2.

8. Ibid.

9. “Foreign Workers Abused at Embassy, Panel Told,”
Washington Post,
July

27, 2007, 1–2.

10. Phinney, “U.S. Fortress,” 2.

11. Ibid.

12. “Foreign Workers Abused,” 2.

13. Ibid., 4.

14. Ibid., 5.

15. “Foreign Workers Abused,” 2.

16. Ibid., 3.

17. Copies of the Submission to the Committee on Oversight and

Government Reform by Free the Slaves, July 26, 2007, are available from

[email protected].

18. “Blame Somebody Else,” 2–3.

19. “State Dept. Official Accused of Blocking Inquiry,”
New York Times,

September 18, 2007, 1.

20. Cathy Albisa, interview, September 26, 2007.

21. Cathy Albisa, interview, October 25, 2007.

22. See chapter 3 above.

23. Roberto Lovato, “Gulf Coast Slaves,”
Salon.com,
October 25, 2007.

24. Ibid., 5.

25. Ibid., 6.

26. Ibid., 3.

27. Ibid., 10.

28. Ibid., 2.

29. Ibid., 10.

30. Ibid., 7.

31. Ibid., 9.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

34. Ibid., 6.

35. Ibid., 4.

36. Laura Germino, interview, October 26, 2007.

37. For a comprehensive description of the functions of the various federal

agencies and their history in the twenty-first-century antislavery campaign, see

Anthony M. DeStefano,
The War on Human Trafficking: U.S. Policy Assessed

(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007).

38. U.S. Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in

Persons, “Overview of U.S. Government Federal Agencies’ Principal Roles to

Combat Trafficking in Persons (TIP),” fact sheet, June 29, 2007, www.state

.gov/g/tip/rls/fs/07/87547.htm.

39. Vanessa Garza, former director of the HHS Trafficking in Persons

Program (A/TIP), currently associate director for Trafficking Policy in the Office

of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), interview, October 26, 2007.

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40. Ibid.

41. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.

42. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.

43. Steve Wagner, interview, November 26, 2007.

44. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.

45. Florrie Burke, interview, November 15, 2007.

46. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.

47. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.

48. Ann Jordan, interview, November 21, 2007.

49. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.

50. Jerry Markon, “Human Trafficking Evokes Outrage, Little Evidence,”

Washington Post,
September 23, 2007.

51. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.

52. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.

53. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.

54. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.

55. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Annual ORR Reports

to Congress—2005,” www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/data/05arc6.htm.

56. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.

57. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.

58. Ibid.

59. See chapter 5 above for a description of the case.

60. Sister Mary Ellen Dougherty, USCCB, interview, December 4, 2007.

61. Anastasia Brown, director of refugee programs, USCCB, interview,

December 4, 2007.

62. Nyssa Mestes, assistant director for trafficking, USCCB, interview,

December 4, 2007.

63. Anastasia Brown, interview, December 4, 2007.

64. Ibid.

65. Sister Mary Ellen Dougherty, interview, December 4, 2007.

66. Ibid.

67. Nyssa Mestes, interview, December 4, 2007.

68. Ibid.

69. Sister Mary Ellen Dougherty, interview, December 4, 2007.

70. Ibid.

71. USCCB, “Proposal for Services to Victims of Human Trafficking,” sub-

mitted to HHS, RFP #06Y007781, February 23, 2006, 23.

72. Sister Mary Ellen Dougherty, interview, December 5, 2007.

73. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.

74. FBI, “Victim Assistance,” n.d., www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/victimassist/

home.htm.

75. Kathryn Turman, program director, OVA, FBI, interview, October 11,

2007.

76. Ibid.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid. According to the “Double-Tongued Dictionary” (www.double-

tongued.org), the verb
to stove pipe
means to “develop or be developed in an

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isolated environment; to solve narrow goals or meet specific needs in a way not

readily compatible with other systems.”

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. Ibid.

82. Carlton Peeples, unit chief, Civil Rights Unit, FBI, interview, November

11, 2007.

83. Ibid.

84. Ibid.

85. Ibid.

86. Ibid.

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. DeStefano,
War on Human Trafficking,
134.

90. Ibid., 133.

91. U.S. Department of State, “Overview.”

92. Ginny Bauman, Free the Slaves, interview, August 30, 2008.

93. U.S. Department of State, “Overview.”

94. Ben Skinner, interview, January 3, 2008.

95. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Human Trafficking: Better

Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance U.S. Antitrafficking Efforts

Abroad,” Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, and the

Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives,

July 2006, www.gao.gov/new.items/d06825.pdf.

96. Ann Jordan, interview, October 11, 2007.

97. For a full discussion of John Miller’s tenure in the TIP Office, see

E. Benjamin Skinner,
A Crime So Monstrous: Face-to-Face with Modern-Day

Slavery
(New York: Free Press, 2008).

98. Mark Lagon, interview, October 3, 2007.

99. Ibid.

100. Ibid.

101. Ibid.

102. Ibid.

103. Ibid.

104. Ibid.

105. Mark Lagon, interview with Michelle Martin,
Tell Me More,
National

Public Radio, January 7, 2008.

106. U.S. Department of State, “Overview.”

107. Lou de Baca, interview, April 2, 2008.

108. Albert Moskowitz, former section chief, Criminal Section of the Civil

Rights Division, U.S. Department of Justice, interview, December 12, 2007.

109. Ibid.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid.

112. Ibid.

113. Ibid.

114. Ibid.

115. Ibid.

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116. Ibid.

117. Ibid.

118. Anthony M. DeStefano, “Study: Trafficking Project Unchecked,”

Newsday.com,
July 26, 2007.

119. Florrie Burke, interview, March 25, 2008.

1 0 . A F U T U R E W I T H O U T S L AV E RY

1. The list and discussion of indicators that follow represent a compilation

of information from Free the Slaves, human trafficking consultant Florrie Burke,

and members of the Freedom Network Institute, including Break the Chain, the

Florida Immigrant Advocacy Center, Safe Horizon, and the Coalition of

Immokalee Workers.

2. “Suit Charges That Nursery Mistreated Laborers,”
New York Times,

February 8, 2007.

3. “In the Field with a Real ICE Agent” [Supervisory Special Agent Anthony