Spies and Commissars: The Bolshevik Revolution and the West (64 page)

23
.
Ibid
., p. 220 (diary).

24
. L. de Robien,
The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia
, p. 222.

25
. HO 144/2158/322428/16, 22 and 29. My thanks to Harry Shukman for sharing this document with me as well as the documents in the next three endnotes.

26
. HO 144/2158/322428/33.

27
. HO 144/2158/322428/85.

28
. HO 144/2158/322428: Assistant Commissioner of Police, 25 October 1917.

29
. Sir G. Buchanan,
My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories
, pp. 226–7 (diary); see also J. McHugh and B. J. Ripley, ‘Russian Political Internees in First World War Britain: The Cases of George Chicherin and Peter Petroff’,
Historical Journal
, no. 3 (1985), p. 736.

30
. J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 1, pp. 170–1.

31
. C. Anet,
La Révolution russe: la terreur maximaliste
, pp. 162–3.

32
. J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 1, p. 179.

33
. Sir G. Buchanan,
My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories
, p. 243.

34
.
Ibid
., pp. 239 and 247.

35
. D. Lloyd George,
War Memoirs
, vol. 2, pp. 1550–1.

36
.
Ibid
., p. 1551.

37
.
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate
, pp. 963–4.

38
. W. Hard,
Raymond Robins’ Own Story
, pp. 97–9.

39
.
Ibid
., pp. 57–8, 64–5 and 70.

40
. L. Bryant,
Six Red Months in Russia
, ch. 24.

41
. G. Buchanan (
en clair
report to London), pp. i–ii, 2 January 1918: Milner Papers.

42
. C. Anet,
La Révolution russe: la terreur maximaliste
, p. 201; Général Niessel,
Le Triomphe des bolchéviks et la paix de Brest-Litovsk: souvenirs, 1917–1918
, p. 187.

43
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, p. 140: letter to A. Thomas, 25 November/8 December 1917.

44
. L. Bryant,
Six Red Months in Russia
, ch. 24.

45
. Général Niessel,
Le Triomphe des bolchéviks et la paix de Brest-Litovsk:
souvenirs, 1917–1918
, p. 186.

46
. L. de Robien,
The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia
, p. 186;
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate
, p. 942.

47
.
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate
, p. 961.

48
. D. R. Francis,
Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918
, pp. 168–9.

49
.
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate
, pp. 962–3; D. R. Francis,
Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918
, pp. 210–11.

50
. G. A. Hill,
Go Spy the Land
, pp. 152–3; G. A. Hill,
Dreaded Hour
, pp. 133–4.

51
. J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 1, pp. 183–4.

52
. L. de Robien,
The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia
, p. 190.

53
. Sovnarkom meeting, 1(14) January 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1, item 1.

54
. J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 1, pp. 186–7.

55
.
Ibid
., pp. 185–9; D. R. Francis,
Russia from the American Embassy, April
1916–November 1918
, pp. 216–17.

56
. J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 1, pp. 190–1;
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate
, pp. 963–4.

57
. D. R. Francis,
Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918
, pp. 219–20.

8. The Other West

1
. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Russian ambassador in France to the embassy in Washington, 24, 26 and 29 December 1917 (Old Style).

2
. D. S. Foglesong,
America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920
, p. 57.

3
. National Archives, FO 371/3295/6933.

4
. A. E. Senn,
Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland,
1918
, pp. 43–53.

5
. I. Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 5, p. 27.

6
.
Ibid
.

7
. D. Lloyd George,
War Memoirs
, vol. 2, pp. 1552–3.

8
.
Ibid
., p. 1553.

9
. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 3(16) January 1918.

10
.
Ibid.
: Paris ambassador to all Russian embassies, 6(19) January 1918.

11
.
Ibid.
: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 4(17) January 1918.

12
. I. Maisky,
Journey into the Past
, p. 78;
Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918
(Gosizdat: Moscow, 1958), p. 165.

13
. Maisky’s notes on Litvinov’s conversational memoir,
Journey into the Past
, pp. 62–5; Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 4(17) January 1918.

14
. Maisky’s notes on Litvinov’s conversational memoir,
Journey into the Past
, pp. 62–5.

15
. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 21 January (8 February) 1918.

16
.
Daily News and Leader
, 19 February 1918.

17
.
Labour Leader
, 24 January 1918.

18
.
http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/redclyde/redcly074.htm
; V. V. Aldoshin, Yu. V. Ivanov, V. M. Semënov and V. A. Tarasov (eds),
Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926
, p. 12.

19
. Extracts of report by Basil Thomson on Litvinov, 20 February 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fols 49–51.

20
.
House of Commons Debates
, 19 February 1918, vol. 103, col. 607.

21
. I. Litvinov, autobiographical fragment, ‘Letters to Viola’, p. 28: St Antony’s RESC Archive.

22
.
Ibid
.

23
.
Ibid.
, pp. 28a–30.

24
. I. Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 9, folder 10, p. 28a.

25
.
Ibid.
, p. 37: St Antony’s RESC Archive.

26
.
Ibid.

27
. M. Litvinoff,
The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning
, especially pp. 43–6.

28
.
Manchester Guardian
, 23 January 1918.

29
. Harold Kellock (Finnish Information Bureau, New York) to Lincoln Steffens, 22 April 1918, p. 1: Russian Subject Collection (HIA).

30
.
New York Times
, 31 January 1918.

31
.
Ibid
., 2 February 1918.

32
.
Ibid.
, 19 February 1918.

33
.
Washington Post
, 29 February 1918.

34
.
Ibid.
, 1 June 1918.

35
.
New York Times
, 11 May 1918.

36
. R. Chambers,
The Last Englishman: The Double Life of Arthur Ransome
, p. 177.

37
. M. Budberg to R. Bruce Lockhart, n.d.: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 2, folder 2.

38
. A. Rhys Williams,
Lenin: The Man and his Work
, p. 74.

39
. G. A. Hill,
Go Spy the Land
, p. 192.

40
.
Ibid
., pp. 192–3.

41
. Report from Stockholm, 12 September 1918: CX 050167. My thanks to Andrew Cook for sharing this document with me.

42
. G. A. Hill,
Go Spy the Land
, p. 191.

43
.
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Third Session and Thereafter Pursuant to Senate Resolutions 439 and 469 – February 11, 1919 to March 10,
1919
, p. 553.

44
. M. Philips Price,
The Soviet, the Terror and Intervention
, pp. 1–14.

45
.
Radek and Ransome on Russia
(The Socialist Publication Society: Brooklyn, NY, 1918), pp. 5–7, 10–11, 19–20 and 24.

46
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart,
Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in
1918
, pp. 200–1.

47
.
The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938
, p. 31.

48
. R. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Last Words on Lenin: An Inaugural Address [as] Honorary President of the Associated Societies, Edinburgh University, 26 October 1960’, p. 6.

49
.
Ibid
., p. 7.

50
.
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate
, p. 801.

51
. T. Alexander,
An Estonian Childhood
, p. 41.

52
.
The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938
, pp. 32–3.

53
.
Ibid
., p. 33.