Spies and Commissars: The Bolshevik Revolution and the West (65 page)

54
.
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate
, pp. 802–3.

55
.
Ibid.
, p. 803.

56
. ‘Udostoverenie’, 5 August 1918: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘2 Reilly: Documentary Material’, folder 2.

57
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, p. 264: letter to A. Thomas, 15 March 1918; J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 2, pp. 74–5 and 115.

58
. National Archives, FO 371/3290/51340, cited in B. Pearce,
How Haig Saved Lenin
, p. 22.

59
. H. Wilson to the War Cabinet, 18 March 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fol. 127.

60
. J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 2, pp. 74–5 and 115.

9. Talks at Brest-Litvosk

1
. G. A. Hill,
Go Spy the Land
, p. 115.

2
. B. Pearce,
How Haig Saved Lenin
, p. 7.

3
. Arthur M. Free Papers, folder Mb (HIA).

4
. N. A. Ioffe, ‘O moëm ottse’: N. A. Ioffe Papers (HIA).

5
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, p. 140: letter to A. Thomas, 25 November/8 December 1917.

6
. O. von Czernin’s diary reproduced from the 1923 Russian translation in N. Ioffe,
Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe
, p. 135.

7
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, p. 140: letter to A. Thomas, 25 November/8 December 1917.

8
.
Mirnye peregovory v Brest-Litovske
, vol. 1:
Plenarnye zasedaniya. Zasedaniya
Politicheskoi Komissii
, pp. 67–8 and 72.

9
.
Ibid
., pp. 52–3.

10
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, p. 176: letter to A. Thomas, 22 December 1917/4 January 1918.

11
. Ye. P. Shelepina, ‘Journey to Brest’ (notes written in March 1918): Notes by Ye. P. Shelepina, 18 March 1918: http://arthur-ransome.spb.ru/index/0–8.

12
.
Ibid
.

13
. V. I. Lenin,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, vol. 35, pp. 179–80.

14
.
Mirnye peregovory v Brest-Litovske
, vol. 1, p. 208.

15
.
Ibid
., pp. 209–10.

16
.
Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918
, pp. 194–5.

17
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Petrograd), 2 February 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fols 66–7.

18
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Petrograd, via Lindley), 16 February 1918:
ibid.
, fols 34–8; R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Moscow), 21 February 1918:
ibid.
, fol. 143.

19
. R. Vaucher,
L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur
rouge
, pp. 4–5.

20
.
House of Commons Debates
, 18 February 1918, vol. 103, col. 462.

21
.
Manchester Guardian
, 26 February 1918.

22
.
House of Commons Debates
, vol. 103: 27 February 1918, col. 1478; 28 February 1918, col. 1605.

23
. R. Vaucher,
L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur
rouge
, pp. 7–10.

24
.
Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918
, p. 199.

25
.
Ibid
., p. 200.

26
.
Ibid.
, pp. 204–5.

27
. Undated memorandum on 1917–18 by Stephen Alley. I am grateful to Andrew Cook for giving me a copy of this document.

28
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, p. 243: letter to A. Thomas, 21 February 1918.

28
.
Ibid
., p. 244: letter to A. Thomas, 22 February 1918.

30
. A. A. Ioffe, ‘N. Lenin i nasha vneshnyaya politika’ (dated 20 October 1927), APRF, f. 31, op. 1, d. 4, pp. 212–13.

31
.
Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918
, pp. 206–8.

32
.
Ibid.
, p. 215.

33
. O. M. Sayler,
Russia White or Red
, pp. 160–1; J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 1, p. 231, and vol. 2, pp. 29, 36 and 38; L. de Robien,
The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia
, p. 237.

34
. B. Pearce,
How Haig Saved Lenin
, p. 15.

10. Breathing Dangerously

1
. B. Pearce,
How Haig Saved Lenin
, p. 9.

2
. A. A. Ioffe to V. I. Lenin, 11 March 1918, reproduced in V. Krasnov and V. Daines (eds),
Neizvestnyi Trotskii. Krasnyi Bonapart: Dokumenty, mneniya,
razmyshleniya
, p. 40.

3
. Sovnarkom formally made Chicherin the ‘Acting Deputy’ on 13 March 1918: RGASPI, f. 2, op. 1, d. 5483. See also RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 104, p. 43b (Central Committee and Central Control Commission meeting, 26 October 1923).

4
. V. I. Lenin,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, vol. 36, p. 324.

5
. W. Hard,
Raymond Robins’ Own Story
, pp. 138–9.

6
.
Ibid
., p. 141.

7
. O. Wardrop to A. J. Balfour, 16 April 1918: National Archives, FO 371/3331/9741.

8
. W. Hard,
Raymond Robins’ Own Story
, pp. 140–5. On Francis’s links to the American railway engineers in Siberia see B. O. Johnson, ‘American Railway Engineers in Siberia’,
American Engineer
, no. 81, May–June 1923, pp. 187–91.

9
. Letter (in French, on Crédit Lyonnais notepaper) by unknown person to unknown addressee, summer 1918(?), p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Sir Edward Spears’.

10
. W. Hard,
Raymond Robins’ Own Story
, pp. 148–9 and 151–2.

11
. V. I. Lenin,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, vol. 36, p. 105.

12
.
Ibid
., p. 250.

13
.
Ibid.
, p. 323.

14
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918, pp. 1–2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12; R. H. Bruce Lockhart,
Friends, Foes and Foreigners
, p. 273.

15
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart,
Friends, Foes and Foreigners
, p. 275.

16
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, pp. 262–3: letter to A. Thomas, 13 March 1918.

17
.
Ibid
. See also N. V. Salzman,
Reform and Revolution: The Life and Times of
Raymond Robins
, p. 141.

18
. A. Rhys Williams,
Lenin: The Man and his Work
, p. 97.

19
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Moscow report to London), 18 March 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fol. 126.

20
. A. J. Balfour to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, 13 March 1918:
ibid
., fols 88–9.

21
. Col. A. Knox, ‘The Delay in the East’, 18 March 1918:
ibid.
, fols 131–2 and 134.

22
. M. J. Carley,
Revolution and Intervention: The French Government and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1919
, p. 57.

23
. P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 33, folder 5.

24
. D. S. Foglesong,
America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920
, pp. 194–5.

25
. ‘President Wilson’s Views on Allied Intervention in Russia’, circulated to King and War Cabinet, 10 May 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 141, fols 2–4.

26
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart,
Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in
1918
, pp. 248–9.

27
.
Ibid
., pp. 249–50. Lockhart’s estimate of Francis’s age was out by a decade.

28
. C. Kinvig,
Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920
, p. 24.

29
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, pp. 294–5: letter to A. Thomas, 7 April 1918.

30
. C. Kinvig,
Churchill’s Crusade
, pp. 23–4.

31
. I. N. Steinberg, ‘The Events of July 1918’: typescript (HIA), p. 3.

32
. Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Ukrainian Peace Delegation, 23 September 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 35, folder 10.

33
. Sovnarkom meeting, 2 April 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1.

34
. Central Committee meeting, 10 May 1918:
Izvestiya Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS
, no. 4 (1989), pp. 143–4.

35
.
Pravda
, 24 May 1918.

36
. J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 2, pp. 27–8 and 55.

37
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, p. 271: letter to A. Thomas, 18 March 1918; J. Noulens,
Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919
, vol. 2, pp. 26–7.

38
. Général Niessel,
Le Triomphe des bolchéviks et la paix de Brest-Litovsk:
souvenirs, 1917–1918
, p. 326.

39
. G. A. Hill,
Go Spy the Land
, p. 190.

40
. W. Hard,
Raymond Robins’ Own Story
, pp. 197–9.

41
.
Ibid
., pp. 202–3.

42
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 5 June 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 78.