Supreme Commander (122 page)

  
1.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 373.

  
2.
Ibid., p. 365.

  
3.
Ibid., p. 361.

  
4.
Ibid., p. 365.

  
5.
Memo of December 23, 1944, EP, No. 2198.

  
6.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 374.

  
7.
Eisenhower to Somervell, December 17, 1944, EP, No. 2177.

  
8.
Memo of December 23, 1944, EP, No. 2198; Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 374.

  
9.
Eisenhower to Bradley and Devers, December 18, 1944, EP, No. 2178; Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, p. 469–70.

10.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 375–77.

11.
Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, p. 470; Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, p. 350.

12.
Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, pp. 348–49.

13.
Eisenhower to CCS, December 19, 1944, EP, No. 2180; Eisenhower to army group commanders, December 20, 1944, EP, No. 2187; Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 376–77.

14.
Eisenhower,
At Ease
, p. 292.

15.
Ulysses Lee,
The Employment of Negro Troops
, in Conn (ed.),
U. S. Army in World War 11
(Washington, 1966–) pp. 688–98.

16.
Eisenhower to Handy, December 19, 1944, EP, No. 2182.

17.
Ruppenthal,
Logistical Support of the Armies
, Vol. II, pp. 323–25.

18.
Eisenhower to Churchill, December 23, 1944, EP, No. 2196.

19.
James Robb’s notes of meeting, December 27, 1944, EM.

20.
Eisenhower to Bradley and Lee, December 19, 1944, EP, No. 2183.

21.
Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, pp. 475–76.

22.
Butcher,
My Three Years
, pp. 727–28.

23.
Ibid., p. 728; Summersby,
Eisenhower Was My Boss
, p. 205.

24.
Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, pp. 468–69.

25.
Butcher,
My Three Years
, p. 728.

26.
Eisenhower to Montgomery, December 20, 1944, EP, No. 2184.

27.
Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, p. 476.

28.
Robb’s notes on December 20, 1944 meeting, EM.

29.
Bryant,
Triumph in the West
, p. 272.

30.
Ibid., p. 273.

31.
Eisenhower to CCS, December 20, 1944, EP, No. 2186.

32.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 379–80.

33.
Eisenhower to Marshall, December 21, 1944, EP, No. 2191. Bradley did not get the promotion because Congress had adjourned.

34.
Eisenhower to Simpson, December 22, 1944, EP, No. 2193.

35.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 381; Eisenhower to Montgomery, December 22, 1944, EP, No. 2194.

36.
Order of the Day, December 22, 1944, EP, No. 2194; Robb’s notes on December 21, 1944 meeting, EM.

37.
Eisenhower to Marshall, December 23, 1944, EP, No. 2200.

38.
Hugh M. Cole,
The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge
, in Conn (ed.), U.
S. Army in World War II
(Washington, 1965), p. 422.

39.
Cole,
The Ardennes
, Ch. XIX.

40.
Tedder,
With Prejudice
, p. 629.

41.
Robb’s notes on December 21, 1944 meeting, EM.

42.
Eisenhower’s memo of December 23, 1944, EP, No. 2198.

43.
Bryant,
Triumph in the West
, p. 278.

44.
Robb’s notes on December 26, 1944 meeting, EM; Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 382–83.

45.
Robb’s notes on December 26, 1944 meeting, EM.

46.
Wilmot,
Struggle for Europe
, p. 614.

47.
Bryant,
Triumph in the West
, p. 274.

48.
Robb’s notes on December 27, 1944 meeting, EM; Tedder,
With Prejudice
, p. 629.

  
1.
Forrest C. Pogue, “Political Problems of a Coalition Command,” in Harry L. Coles (ed.),
Total War and Cold War
(Columbus, Ohio, 1962), p. 108.

  
2.
Eisenhower to Montgomery, December 29, 1944, EP, No. 2206; Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, pp. 360–61; Montgomery,
Memoirs
, p. 284.

  
3.
Tedder,
With Prejudice
, p. 631.

  
4.
Ibid.

  
5.
Tedder,
With Prejudice
, pp. 632–33.

  
6.
Montgomery,
Memoirs
, pp. 284–85.

  
7.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 386.

  
8.
Eisenhower to Bradley and Montgomery, December 31, 1944, EP, No. 2211.

  
9.
Eisenhower to Montgomery, December 31, 1944, EP, No. 2210.

10.
De Guingand,
Operation Victory
, p. 348.

11.
Montgomery,
Memoirs
, p. 286.

12.
Ibid., p. 289.

13.
The section that follows is based on Eisenhower’s cable to Marshall of January 6, 1945, EP, No. 2224.

14.
Eisenhower to Devers for Le Clerc and de Tassigny, December 20, 1944, EP, No. 2185.

15.
Robb’s notes on meetings, January 1 and January 3, 1945, EM.

16.
The War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle
, Vol. III,
Salvation
, p. 166.

17.
Eisenhower to De Gaulle, January 2, 1945, EP, No. 2216.

18.
De Gaulle,
Salvation
, pp. 169–70.

19.
Robb’s notes on meeting of January 3, 1945, EM.

20.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 400–1.

21.
Eisenhower to Marshall, January 6, 1945, EP, No. 2224; Eisenhower to De Gaulle, January 5, 1945, EP, No. 2221; De Gaulle,
Salvation
, pp. 169–70; Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, pp. 362–63.

22.
Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, p. 356.

23.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 387–88; Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, pp. 484–85.

24.
Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, pp. 486–88.

25.
Eisenhower to Marshall, January 10, 1945, EP, No. 2232.

26.
Same to same, January 10, 1945, EP, No. 2233.

27.
Same to same, January 12, 1945, EP, No. 2235.

28.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 395.

29.
Maurice Matloff, “90 Division Gamble,” in Greenfield (ed.),
Command Decisions
.

30.
Interview with Sir Ian Jacob, June 27, 1968.

31.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 389.

32.
Bryant,
Triumph in the West
, pp. 282–83.

33.
Pogue, “Political Problems of a Coalition Command,” p. 124.

34.
Bryant,
Triumph in the West
, pp. 277–81.

35.
Ibid., p. 294.

36.
Eisenhower’s notes on conference with Marshall, January 28, 1945, EP, No. 2264.

37.
Eisenhower to Smith, January 31, 1945, EP, No. 2268.

38.
Summersby,
Eisenhower Was My Boss
, pp. 218–19; interview with Sir Ian Jacob, June 27, 1968.

39.
Bryant,
Triumph in the West
, p. 305.

40.
Tedder,
With Prejudice
, p. 663.

41.
Eisenhower to Brooke, February 16, 1945, EP, No. 2284.

42.
Eisenhower to Churchill, February 25, 1945, EP, No. 2294.

43.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 391.

44.
Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, p. 286.

45.
Eisenhower to Marshall, February 20, 1945, EP, No. 2292.

  
1.
Eisenhower to Milton Eisenhower, January 3, 1939, quoted in introduction to EP.

  
2.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 534.

  
3.
Much of this chapter—indeed a large part of this book—is based on information given by Joseph P. Hobbs, the assistant editor of the Eisenhower Papers. For three years Hobbs has been working on a study of Smith’s wartime career, and during all of that time he has generously shared with me his great knowledge of Smith’s activities. This book certainly could not have been written without Hobbs’s help; I hope the introduction has adequately indicated how deep my debt is to him.

  
4.
Eisenhower to Nevins, January 14, 1945, EP, No. 2241.

  
5.
Eisenhower to Smith, September 30, 1944, EP, No. 2012.

  
6.
Same to same, December 15, 1944, EP, No. 2171.

  
7.
Same to same, September 30, 1944, EP, No. 2014.

  
8.
Same to same, September 30, 1944, EP, No. 2013.

  
9.
Eisenhower to Handy, December 14, 1944, EP, No. 2169.

10.
Eisenhower to Somervell, November 5, 1944, EP, No. 2100.

11.
Eisenhower to Bradley and others, October 25, 1944, EP, No. 2068.

12.
Eisenhower to Marshall, January 19, 1945, EP, No. 2251.

13.
Same to same, January 14, 1945, EP, No. 2238.

14.
Memo, February 1, 1945, EP, No. 2271.

15.
Eisenhower memo, December 26, 1944, EM.

16.
Eisenhower to Smith, October 30, 1944, EP, No. 2083; Marshall discussed the problem with Eisenhower at Marseilles in late January 1945; Eisenhower to Lear, January 30, 1945, EP, No. 2266.

17.
Eisenhower to Marshall, October 31, 1944, EP, No. 2084, notes 1 and 2.

18.
Butcher,
My Three Years
, pp. 716–17.

19.
Eisenhower to CCS, October 29, 1944, EP, No. 2079.

20.
Same to same, December 14, 1944, EP, No. 2168.

21.
Same to same, December 21, 1944, EP, No. 2190.

22.
Eisenhower to Marshall, December 26, 1944, EP, No. 2201; Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 406–7.

23.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 407.

24.
Eisenhower to CCS, September 16, 1944, EP, No. 1964.

25.
Eisenhower to Marshall, September 25, 1944, EP, No. 1994.

26.
Same to same, October 22, 1944, EP, No. 2061.

27.
Eisenhower to McCloy, November 1, 1944, EP, No. 2087.

28.
DDE memorandum of August 19, 1947, in EM.

29.
Eisenhower to Marshall, April 7, 1945, EP, No. 2399.

  
1.
Eisenhower to commanders, January 11, 1945, EP, No. 2234.

  
2.
Craven and Cate, eds.,
Argument to VE Day
, p. 716.

  
3.
Eisenhower to Marshall, January 15, 1945, EP, No. 2242.

  
4.
Eisenhower to Montgomery, January 17, 1945, EP, No. 2247.

  
5.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 402.

  
6.
Walter Bedell Smith,
Eisenhower’s Six Great Decisions
(New York, 1946), p. 125.

  
7.
Interview with Eisenhower, October 11, 1967.

  
8.
Cornelius Ryan,
The Last Battle
(New York, 1966), p. 241.

  
9.
Eisenhower to CCS, January 20, 1945, EP, No. 2253.

10.
Butcher,
My Three Years
, p. 806.

11.
Eisenhower Office Diary, January 31, 1945.

12.
Esposito (ed.),
The West Point Atlas
, Vol. II, Map 65.

13.
Eisenhower to Marshall, February 20, 1945, EP, No. 2292.

14.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, p. 422.

15.
Ibid., p. 422.

16.
Eisenhower to De Gaulle, February 19, 1945, EP, No. 2289.

17.
Eisenhower to Marshall, February 20, 1945, EP, No. 2292.

18.
Pogue,
Supreme Command
, pp. 423, 428–29.

19.
Eisenhower to Marshall, March 26, 1945, EP, No. 2355.

20.
Eisenhower to Churchill, March 10, 1945, EP, No. 2324.

21.
Eisenhower to Marshall, March 12, 1945, EP, No. 2329.

22.
Butcher,
My Three Years
, pp. 788–89.

23.
Ibid., p. 768.

  
1.
Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, pp. 510–17; Wilmot,
Struggle for Europe
, p. 675.

  
2.
Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, pp. 511–12; Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, pp. 379–80; Butcher,
My Three Years
, p. 768. All accounts of the telephone conversation use quotation marks; I have accepted Butcher’s version of what Eisenhower said because he wrote it the next day. None of the accounts disagree on substance.

  
3.
Eisenhower to CCS, March 8, 1945, EP, No. 2319.

  
4.
These campaigns are best followed in Esposito (ed.),
The West Point Atlas
, Vol. II, Maps 65–67.

  
5.
Eisenhower to CCS, March 13, 1945, EP, No. 2334.

  
6.
Eisenhower to Marshall, March 12, 1945, EP, No. 2330.

  
7.
Ibid.

  
8.
Eisenhower to Bradley and Devers, March 12, 1945, EP, No. 2331.

  
9.
Butcher,
My Three Years
, pp. 770–72.

10.
Eisenhower to Marshall, March 30, 1945, EP, No. 2375.

11.
Same to same, March 24, 1945, EP, No. 2352.

12.
Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, p. 397.

13.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower and Berlin
, p. 75.

14.
Wilmot,
Struggle for Europe
, p. 690.

15.
Eisenhower to Brooke, March 12, 1945; and Eisenhower to Marshall, March 12, 1945, EP, Nos. 2333 and 2332.

16.
Eisenhower to Marshall, March 15, 1945, EP, No. 2341.

17.
Same to same, March 27, 1945, EP, No. 2362.

18.
Summersby,
Eisenhower Was My Boss
, p. 225.

19.
Eisenhower to CCS, March 21, 1945, EP, No. 2384.

20.
Eisenhower to Marshall, March 26, 1945, EP, No. 2355.

21.
Eisenhower to CCS, March 24, 1945, EP, No. 2351.

22.
Eisenhower to Bradley and Devers, March 25, 1945, EP, No. 2354.

23.
Churchill,
Triumph and Tragedy
, pp. 442–43.

24.
Eisenhower Office Diary, March 28, 1945.

25.
See Note 1, Eisenhower to Marshall, March 28, 1945, EP, No. 2365.

26.
Eisenhower to Marshall, March 28, 1945; to Stalin, March 28, 1945; and to Montgomery, March 28, 1945, EP, Nos. 2365, 2363, and 2364.

27.
SHAEF plans, September 28, 1944, SHAEF SGS 381 Post OVERLORD Planning, II, in EM.

28.
Butcher,
My Three Years
, p. 788.

29.
Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story
, pp. 535–36. The exact date of this conversation is unclear; circumstantial evidence places it in the week of March 20–27.

30.
Ibid., p. 536.

31.
Cornelius Ryan,
The Last Battle
(New York, 1966), p. 241.