The 100 Most Influential Scientists of All Time (46 page)

Manhattan Project,
250
,
275
,
289
,
293
,
316

Mardsen, Ernest,
240

materials, study of,
63
,
69

Materials for the Study of Variation
,
227

Mau Mau and the Kikuyu
,
282

Maxwell, James Clerk,
14
,
156
,
162
,
199–202
,
245
,
316

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law,
201

Mayer, Joseph E.,
294

Mayer, Maria Goeppert,
294–295

McClintock, Barbara,
278–280

Mead, Margaret,
276–278

mechanics, study of,
12
,
44–45
,
88

Meine Weltansicht (My View of the World)
,
262

Meitner, Lise,
259

Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l'experience (Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience)
,
137
,
138

Mendel, Gregor,
97
,
178–183
,
227–228

Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich,
202–205

Mendelians,
182–183

Mendel's Principles of Heredity
,
228

Meno,
18

Méring, Jacques,
319

metaphysics, study of,
10
,
22–24
,
36

Meteorological Observations and Essays
,
123

Methodus Plantarum Nova
,
87

Michell, John,
100

Michelson, Albert Abraham,
14
,
208–211

Michelson-Morley experiment,
209–210

Micrographia
(“Small Drawings”),
84

microscope, early work with,
11
,
75
,
78
,
81
,
83
,
179
,
196
,
197

mineralogy,
152–153

Mirsky, Alfred,
268

Mismeasure of Man, The
,
329

Mitscherlich, Eilhardt,
152–153

Mocenigo, Giovanni,
61
,
62

Molecular Biology of the Gene
,
314

molecular hypothesis of gases (Avogadro),
139–140

Mona Lisa
,
40

Morgan, Thomas Hunt,
183
,
226
,
228

Morley, Edward Williams,
209

Moseley, Henry,
241

motion, laws of (Newton),
12
,
88
,
92
,
245
,
261

motion, study of,
12
,
63
,
69

Mr. Tomkins in Wonderland
,
287

Murchison, Roderick,
163

Mysterium cosmographicum
(“Cosmograpic Mystery”),
71

N

Napp, Abbot Cyril,
178
,
179

Narratio de Jovis Satellitibus
(“Narration Concerning the Jovian Satellites”),
74

Narratio Prima
(“First Narration”),
49

National Institutes of Health (NIH),
333
,
334
,
335–336

“natural characters,” classification by,
95–96

Natural History
,
26–29

Naturalist
,
323

natural selection, theory of,
164
,
167
,
169–170
,
171
,
173–174
,
189
,
190–191
,
322
,
338

Nature and the Greeks
,
262

Nature of the Chemical Bond, and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals, The
,
268

Nature of the Universe, The
,
311

nebulae, study of,
108
,
109–110
,
111
,
119

Nelmes, Sarah,
122

Neoplatonism,
36

New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of Air and its Effects
,
79

Newton, Sir Isaac,
12
,
15
,
46
,
59
,
70
,
85
,
88–93
,
99
,
117
,
199
,
205
,
210
,
245
,
248
,
261
,
331

Nobel Prize,
14
,
206
,
208
,
210
,
222
,
225
,
226
,
228
,
231
,
233
,
234
,
237
,
244
,
248
,
253
,
256
,
257
,
260
,
263
,
267
,
269
,
271
,
273
,
280
,
291
,
292
,
294
,
300
,
306
,
311
,
313
,
315
,
325
,
326
,
327

Nomenclator Zoologicus
,
166

No More War!
,
269

nuclear astrophysics,
292

nuclear energy,
14

nuclear physics,
233
,
234
,
235
,
237
,
241
,
273
,
274–275
,
286
,
292
,
295

nuclear power,
293

nuclear weapons,
14
,
267
,
269
,
275
,
289–290
,
293–294

O

O'Brien, Sean,
327

Oeconomia naturae
(“The Economy of Nature”),
97

Of Molecules and Men
,
313

Ohm, Georg,
138

Olduvai Gorge
,
282

Olduvai Gorge: My Search for Early Man
,
283

Oliphant, Mark,
242

On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem
[
Decision Problem
],
302

One, Two, Three… Infinity
,
287

On Generation and Corruption
,
24

On Human Nature
,
323

On the Heavens
,
24

On the Origin of Species
,
95
,
164
,
168
,
170–172
,
177
,
322

Ontogeny and Phylogeny
,
329

Oppenheimer, J. Robert,
14
,
260
,
275
,
287–291

optics, study of,
37
,
38
,
71
,
88
,
89–91
,
208

Opticks
,
89–91

Opus majus
(“Great Work”),
39

Opus minus
(“Lesser Work”),
39

Opus Tertium
(“Third Work”),
39

Order of Friars Minor,
39

organic chemistry,
153
,
154

Origine of Formes and Qualities
,
80

“Origin of Chemical Elements, The,”
287

Origin of the Universe and the Origin of Religion, The
,
311

Origins
,
284

Ornithological Biography
,
155

Ørsted, Hans Christiaan,
13
,
136–137

Osnovy Khimii
(The Principles of Chemistry),
203

oxygen, discovery of,
103–104
,
115

oxygen theory of combustion,
114–116

P

Pacioli, Luca,
42

paleoanthropology, science of,
280

paleontology, science of,
126
,
129

Paracelsus,
10
,
50–54
,
80

Par 18 mètres de fond
(“Through 18 Metres of Water”),
299

particle accelerator,
258

Pasteur, Louis,
12
,
13
,
183–188
,
197
,
212

Pasteur effect,
185

pasteurization,
12
,
184
,
187

Pauli, Wolfgang,
271
,
273

Pauling, Linus,
267–270

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich,
205–208

penicillin,
13
,
253
,
254–256
,
263

People of the Lake
,
284

periodic law,
202
,
203–204

periodic table of the elements,
202
,
203–204
,
257

pharmacy, advancement of,
22

Philosophia Botanica
,
96–97

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)
,
88
,
92–93

Phipps, James,
122

phlogiston theory,
102
,
104
,
114
,
115

photoelectric effect,
244
,
245
,
248

Physics
,
24
,
25

physiology, study of,
11
,
22
,
34
,
36
,
41
,
57

Piccolomini, Ascanio,
69

piezoelectricity,
229

Pinker, Steven,
337–338

Planck, Max,
199
,
200
,
222–225
,
246
,
261

Planck's constant,
223
,
224–225

Planck's radiation law,
224
,
225

planetary motion, laws of (Kepler),
69–70
,
71–72

Planet Called Earth, A
,
287

plant genetics/breeding,
306–308

plant hybridization,
95
,
97

Plato,
18
,
25
,
33

Pliny the Elder,
26–29

plutonium,
275
,
293

pneumatic chemistry,
112–113
,
115

pneumatics, study of,
79–80

Poincaré, Henri,
225

polio,
13
,
308–309

Politiae Naturae
(“The Politics of Nature”),
97

Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain
,
132

political theory, study of,
22

pollution, environmental,
295
,
297

polonium,
228
,
230
,
232
,
234

polyhedrons,
70
,
71

Popytka khimicheskogo ponimania mirovogo efira (An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether)
,
205

Posterior Analytics
,
25–26

Power, Henry,
80

Praelectiones geometricae
(“Lectures on Geometry”),
62

preventive medicine,
195

Price, Richard,
104

Priestley, Joseph,
99
,
101–105
,
115

Principles of Chemistry
,
204

Principles of Geology
,
163

Problems of Genetics
,
228

Procheiroi kanones
(Handy Tables),
32

proportion, study of human,
42

protozoology,
81

Prout, William,
205

psyche, Freud's analysis of,
221–222

psychoanalysis,
215–217
,
220
,
221
,
242

Psychologische Typen (Psychological Types)
,
243

psychology, study of,
9
,
10
,
22
,
24
,
36
,
242–243

psychoneuroses,
220

psychotherapy,
243
,
244

Ptolemaic system,
29
,
30–31

Ptolemy,
29–32
,
48
,
49

punctuated equilibrium,
328–329

Q

QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, The
,
318

quantum electrodynamics,
315
,
317

Quantum Electrodynamics
,
318

quantum mechanics,
257
,
260
,
261
,
267
,
292
,
316
,
317
,
318
,
330
,
331

quantum physics,
256
,
262
,
291

quantum theory,
199
,
222
,
225
,
246
,
250–251
,
261
,
286
,
288–289
,
291

R

rabies,
12
,
183
,
188

radioactivity, study of,
14
,
228–229
,
230–234
,
237–241
,
273
,
274
,
286
,
300