The 100 Most Influential Scientists of All Time (47 page)

artificial,
234

radium,
14
,
228
,
230
,
232
,
233
,
234
,
240

Ramsey, William,
99

Rap on Race, A
,
276

Rapport historique sur les progrès des sciences naturelles depuis 1789, et sur leur état actuel
(“Historical Report on the Progress of the Sciences”),
127

Ray, John,
85–88

Rayleigh, Lord,
99

Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes
(“Researches on the Bones of Fossil Vertebrates”),
128

Recherches sur les poissons fossils
,
165

Red Shifts in the Spectra of Nebulae
,
267

relativity, general theory of (Einstein),
244
,
247–248

relativity, special theory of (Einstein),
14
,
199
,
210
,
222
,
225
,
244
,
245–246
,
248
,
250
,
310

religion, theories on,
60
,
61
,
63

Renaissance,
10
,
36
,
40
,
42
,
54
,
78

Researches, Chemical and Philosophical
,
146

resonance particles,
300

Rhazes,
55

Rheticus, Georg,
49–50

ribonucleic acid (RNA),
319

Richter, Jeremias Benjamin,
150

Riolan, Jean,
77

Rock of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life
,
329–330

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques,
135

Royal Geographical Society,
176
,
190

Royal Society of London,
79
,
82
,
83
,
84
,
98
,
102
,
109
,
134
,
146
,
147
,
149
,
157
,
176
,
196
,
200
,
231
,
233
,
237
,
248
,
305
,
311
,
331

Royds, Thomas,
240

Ruth Benedict
,
278

Rutherford, Ernest,
230
,
237–242
,
256
,
288

S

Sabin, Albert,
309

Sabine, Sir Edward,
134

Salk, Jonas Edward,
13
,
308–309

Sceptical Shymist, The
,
80

Schatz, Albert,
263

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm,
102

Scheiner, Christoph,
67

Scholastics,
22
,
37
,
46
,
59

Schrödinger, Erwin,
260–262

Schrödinger equation,
261

Schwinger, Julian S.,
315

“science of the stars,”
47–48
,
70–71

scientific illustration,
10–11
,
42

scientific nomenclature,
166

screen memories,
218

Sea Around Us, The
,
296–297

segregation, law of,
181

Selecta Genera et Species Piscium
,
165

Select Works of A. van Leeuwenhoek, The
,
84

Senebier, Jean,
103

Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies
,
276

“sexual selection,”
174

“sexual system” of classification,
93–94
,
95

Shapley, Harlow,
236

Sherrington, Sir Charles,
206

Shin'ichirō, Tomonaga,
315–316

sickle-cell anemia,
268–269

sidereal astronomy,
108

Sidereus Nunicius (The Sidereal Messenger)
,
64
,
73–74

Silent Spring
,
297

Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind, The
,
285

Smalley, Richard E.,
325
,
326–327
,
328

smallpox,
12
,
120
,
121–122
,
188

Small World of Fred Hoyle, The
,
311

Smith, Hamilton,
334

sociobiology, science of,
320
,
322–323

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
,
322

Soddy, Frederick,
238
,
239

Sommerfeld, Arnold,
291
,
292

space-time singularities,
330

Species Plantarum
(“Species of Plants”),
96
,
97

speed of light,
208–211
,
245

Spencer, Herbert,
169

spontaneous generation, research on,
185–187

Stahl, Georg Ernst,
114

Star Called the Sun, A
,
287

steady-state theory of the universe,
310–311

Stevens, Nettie Maria,
226–227

stoichiometry,
150
,
151
,
152
,
153

Stone Age Africa
,
282

Strassmann, Fritz,
258–259

streptomycin,
13
,
263–264

Strickland Code,
97

Studien über Hysterie (Studies in Hysteria)
,
217

Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature, The
,
338

Success, Dominance, and the Superorganism: The Case of the Social Insects
,
322–323

Sun-centred (heliocentric) model of universe,
46–47
,
49
,
59
,
60
,
64
,
67
,
70

sunspots,
67

Superspace and Supergravity
,
332

surgery, advancement of,
22
,
55

syllogism,
25
,
26

Syme, James,
196
,
198

Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpentini Generis
(“Synopsis of Quadrupeds”),
87

Synopsis Methodica Avium et Piscium
(“Synopsis of Birds and Fish”),
87

Synopsis of the Birds of North America, A
,
155

syphilis,
50
,
53

Systema Naturae
(“The System of Nature”),
93–94
,
96
,
97

Szilard, Leo,
274
,
289

T

Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux
(“Elementary Survey of the Natural History of Animals”),
126

Tait, Peter Guthrie,
195

taxonomy,
85
,
87
,
93–95

telescope, early use of,
64
,
68
,
70
,
73
,
84
,
109
,
157

Teller, Edward,
286
,
292

Tetrabiblos
,
32

Thenard, Louis-Jacques,
143
,
144

Theophrastus,
27

Théorie analytique des probabilitiés (Analytical Theory of Probability)
,
119

Theory of Fundamental Processes, The
,
318

thermodynamics, science of,
193
,
195
,
201
,
222
,
223
,
331

thermodynamics, second law of,
192
,
193
,
223
,
224

Thomson, J.J.,
237
,
239
,
241

Thomson, William,
192–195
,
240

Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes
,
299

Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle
,
329

Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de,
95

Towneley, Richard,
80

Traité de mécanique céleste
(Celestial Mechanics),
119

Traité élémentaire de chimie
(Elementary Treatise on Chemistry),
116

Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
,
200–201

Treatise on Natural Philosophy
,
195

Tschermak von Seysenegg, Erich,
182
,
227

tuberculosis,
211
,
213–215
,
263

Turing, Alan M.,
302–306

Turing test,
305

U

undersea exploration,
297–299

Under the Sea-Wind
,
296

Unger, Franz,
179

unified field theory,
251–252

unified theory,
193

uniformitarianism,
162

universal gravitation, law of,
88
,
92
,
93
,
117
,
119

Universe in a Nutshell, The
,
332

University of Cambridge,
101
,
228
,
237
,
241
,
280
,
288
,
302
,
312
,
313
,
324

Unveiling Man's Origins
,
282

Uraniborg,
57–58
,
59

uranium,
232
,
238
,
239
,
250
,
259
,
273
,
274–275
,
289
,
293
,
295

Uranus, discovery of,
108
,
109

Urquijo, Mariano de,
130

V

vaccines, development of,
12
,
13
,
120
,
121–123
,
183
,
188
,
308
,
309

Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
,
172

Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects, The
,
173

Venter, J. Craig,
332–335
,
336

Very Early Universe, The
,
332

Vesalius, Andreas,
10–11
,
35
,
54–57

Vitamin C and the Common Cold
,
270

Vitruvian Man,
42–44

Vitruvius,
42

Viviani, Vincenzo,
69

Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America
,
155

Volta, Alessandro,
13
,
107–108
,
138
,
149

voltaic cells,
146
,
147

voltaic pile,
105
,
108
,
149

volumetric analysis,
143
,
145

W

Waksman, Selman Abraham,
12
,
13
,
263–264

Wallace, Alfred Russel,
170
,
189–191

Wallace's Line,
191

Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (Psychology of the Unconscious)
,
242

Watson, James Dewey,
269
,
311
,
312
,
313–315
,
319
,
336

Watson, William, Jr.,
109

Watt, James,
99
,
138

wave theory of light,
85

Wegener, Alfred Lothar,
252–253

What Is Life?
,
262

What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery
,
313

Wheeler, John Archibald,
259
,
316

White African
,
282

Wien, Wilhelm,
223

Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures
,
285

Wilkins, John,
79

Wilkins, Maurice,
311
,
312
,
313

Willughby, Francis,
86

Wilson, Alexander,
155

Wilson, Edward O.,
320–323
,
329

Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation, The
,
88

Wonderful Life
,
329

Words and Rules: The Ingredients for Language
,
338

Wren, Christopher,
79

Z

Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S.
Beagle,
169

Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens (The Psychology of Everyday Life)
,
219