The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (167 page)

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Authors: Steven Pinker

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201. Cub Scout and 12-year-old: I. Urbina, “It’s a fork, it’s a spoon, it’s a . . . weapon?”
New York Times
, Oct. 12, 2009; I. Urbina, “After uproar on suspension, district will rewrite rules,”
New York Times
, Oct. 14, 2009. Eagle Scout: “Brickbats,”
Reason
, Apr. 2010.
202. Recess coaches: W. Hu, “Forget goofing around: Recess has a new boss,”
New York Times
, Mar. 14, 2010.
203. Digital disarming: Schechter, 2005.
204. Zombies no, carrots yes: J. Steinhauer, “Drop the mask! It’s Halloween, kids, you might scare somebody,”
New York Times
, Oct. 30, 2009.
205. Hate crime: Skenazy, 2009, p. 161.
206. Nightmare on
Sesame Street:
Skenazy, 2009, p. 69.
207. Child abduction panic: Skenazy, 2009; Finkelhor, Hammer, & Sedlak, 2002; “Phony numbers on child abduction,”
STATS at George Mason University
;
http://stats.org/stories/2002/phony_aug01_02.htm
.
208.
Playdate
origin: Google Books, analyzed with Bookworm, Michel et al., 2011; see the caption to figure 7–1.
209. Changes in walking and playing: Skenazy, 2009.
210. Free-range children: Skenazy, 2009.
211. Cairns calculation: Cited in Skenazy, 2009, p. 16.
212. Crime-control theater: D. Bennett, “Abducted: The Amber Alert system is more effective as theater than as a way to protect children,”
Boston Globe
, Jul. 20, 2008.
213. Kids hit by parents driving kids: Skenazy, 2009, p. 176.
214. Counterproductive kidnapping alerts: D. Bennett, “Abducted: The Amber Alert system is more effective as theater than as a way to protect children,”
Boston Globe
, Jul. 20, 2008.
215. Alan Turing: Hodges, 1983.
216. Turing machines: Turing, 1936.
217. Can machines think?: Turing, 1950.
218. State-sponsored homophobia, past: Fone, 2000. Present: Ottosson, 2009.
219. More homophobia against gay men: Fone, 2000. More laws against male homosexuality: Ottosson, 2006.
220. More hate crimes against men: U.S. Department of Justice, FBI,
2008 Hate crime statistics
, table 4,
http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/data/table_04.html
.
221. Biology of homosexuality: Bailey, 2003; Hamer & Copeland, 1994; LeVay, 2010; Peters, 2006.
222. Flexible females: Baumeister, 2000.
223. Advantage in female fertility: Hamer & Copeland, 1994.
224. Cross-cultural uncommonness of homosexuality: Broude & Greene, 1976.
225. Cross-cultural disapproval of homosexuality: Broude & Greene, 1976.
226. Confusing morality with disgust: Haidt, 2002; Rozin, 1997.
227. History of homophobia: Fone, 2000.
228. Enlightenment rethinking of homosexuality: Fone, 2000.
229. State-sponsored homophobia: Ottosson, 2006, 2009.
230. Pillay: Quoted in Ottosson, 2009.
231. Kennedy opinion:
Lawrence v. Texas
(02–102), 2003,
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02–102.ZO.html
.
232. Roger Brown: Pinker, 1998.
233. Attitudes on homosexuality: Gallup, 2008.
234. Effects of knowing a gay person: Gallup, 2009.
235. “Gay? Whatever, dude”: Gallup, 2002.
236. FBI hate-crime statistics:
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/civilrights/hate.htm
.
237. Problems with FBI hate-crime statistics: Harlow, 2005.
238. Hate-crime statistics for 2008: FBI,
2008 Hate crime statistics,
http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/index.html
. Crime statistics for 2008: FBI,
2008 Crime in the United States,
http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/index.html
.
239. Hate-crime homicides: FBI,
2008 Hate crime statistics,
http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/index.html
. There were 115 hate-crime homicides between 1996 and 2005, and about a fifth of them targeted homosexuals.
240. Scientists believe animals feel pain: Herzog, 2010, p. 209.
241. History of treatment of animals: Gross, 2009; Harris, 1985; Herzog, 2010; Spencer, 2000; Stuart, 2006.
242. Human carnivory: Boyd & Silk, 2006; Harris, 1985; Herzog, 2010; Wrangham, 2009a.
243. Carnivory and human evolution: Boyd & Silk, 2006; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Tooby & DeVore, 1987.
244. Meat hunger, feasting, and carnality: Boyd & Silk, 2006; Harris, 1985; Symons, 1979.
245. Cuteness and conservation: Herzog, 2010.
246. Hopi cruelty to animals: Brandt, 1974.
248. Larders on the hoof: Wrangham, 2009a.
249. Kicking and eating dogs: Gray & Young, 2011; quote from C. Turnbull.
250. Aristotle: Quoted in Stuart, 2006, p. xviii.
251. Celsus: Quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 210.
252. Galen: Quoted in Gross, 2009.
253. Aquinas: Quoted in Gross, 2009.
254. Mind has no parts: Descartes, 1641/1967.
255. Early modern vivisection: Spencer, 2000, p. 210.
256. Seventeenth-century tenderization: P.C.D. Brears,
The gentlewoman’s kitchen,
1984, quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 205.
257. Seventeenth-century factory farming: P. Pullar,
Consuming passions
, 1970, quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 206.
258. Motives for vegetarianism: Herzog, 2010; Rozin et al., 1997; Spencer, 2000; Stuart, 2006.
259. Morality equated with cleanliness and asceticism: Haidt, 2002; Rozin et al., 1997; Shweder et al., 1997.
260. You are what you eat: Rozin, 1996.
261. Vegetarianism and romanticism: Spencer, 2000; Stuart, 2006.
262. Cockfighting and class warfare: Herzog, 2010.
263. Jewish dietary laws: Schechter, Greenstone, Hirsch, & Kohler, 1906.
264. Early vegetarianism: Spencer, 2000.
265. Sacred cows: Harris, 1985.
266. Nazism and animal rights: Herzog, 2010; Stuart, 2006.
267. Voltaire: Quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 210.
268. Animal rights as laughing matter: N. Kristof, “Humanity toward animals,”
New York Times
, Apr. 8, 2009.
269. Nineteenth-century animal rights: Gross, 2009; Herzog, 2010; Stuart, 2006.
270. Orwell on food cranks:
The road to Wigan Pier
, quoted in Spencer, 2000, pp. 278–79.
271. Takeoff in the 1970s: Singer, 1975/2009; Spencer, 2000.
272. Brophy: Quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 303.
273.
Animal Liberation:
Singer, 1975/2009.
274.
Expanding Circle:
Singer, 1981/2011.
275. V-Frog: K. W. Burton, “Virtual dissection,”
Science,
Feb. 22, 2008.
276. Cockfighting: Herzog, 2010, pp. 155–62.
277. Bullfight blackout: D. Woolls, “Tuning out tradition: Spain pulls live bullfights off state TV,”
Boston Globe
, Aug. 23, 2007.
278. Increasing age of hunters: K. Johnson, “For many youths, hunting loses the battle for attention,”
New York Times
, Sept. 25, 2010.
279. Hunting versus watching: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006.
280. Locavore hunters: S. Rinella, “Locavore, get your gun,”
New York Times
, Dec. 14, 2007.
281. Humane fishing: P. Bodo, “Hookless fly-fishing is a humane advance,”
New York Times
, Nov. 7, 1999.
282. No animals were harmed: American Humane Association Film and Television Unit, 2010;
http://www.americanhumane.org/protecting-animals/programs/no-animals-were-harmed/
.
283. Not harming animals: American Humane Association Film and Television Unit, 2009.
284. Exterminator in chief: M. Leibovich, “What’s white, has 132 rooms, and flies?”
New York Times
, Jun. 18, 2009.
285. Broiler Chicken Revolution: Herzog, 2010.
286. More chicken eaten than beef: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, graphed at
http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/Per-Cap-Cons-Meat-1.pdf
.
287. Two hundred chickens = 1 cow: Herzog, 2010, p. 193.
288. Meat without feet: J. Temple, “The no-kill carnivore,”
Wired,
Feb. 2009.
289. Three times as many ex-vegetarians: Herzog, 2010, p. 200.
290. Loose definitions of vegetarianism: Herzog, 2010; C. Stahler, “How many vegetarians are there?”
Vegetarian Journal
, Jul.–Aug. 1994.
291. Vegetarianism and eating disorders: Herzog, 2010, pp. 198–99.
292. Declining consumption of mammals: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, graphed at
http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/Per-Cap-Cons-Meat-1.pdf
.
293. Gassing chickens: W. Neuman, “New way to help chickens cross to other side,”
New York Times
, Oct. 21, 2010.
294. Eighty percent of Britons want better conditions: 2000 Taylor Nelson Poll for the RSPCA, cited in Vegetarian Society, 2010.
295. Gallup poll on animal protection: Gallup, 2003.
296. Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Oregon: N. D. Kristof, “A farm boy reflects,”
New York Times
, Jul. 31, 2008.
297. European Union regulations:
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/index_en.htm
.
298. L. Hickman, “The lawyer who defends animals,”
Guardian
, Mar. 5, 2010.
299. Poll on animal welfare: Gallup, 2003.
300. Vegetarianism among Dean activists: “The Dean activists: Their profile and prospects,” Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, 2005,
http://people-press.org/report/?pageid=936
.
301. Rethinking human life and death: Singer, 1994.
302. Hard problem of consciousness: Pinker, 1997, chaps. 2, 8.
303. Extinguishing carnivores: J. McMahan, “The meat eaters,”
New York Times
, Sept. 19, 2010.
304. Leftward shift of conservatism: Nash, 2009, p. 329; Courtwright, 2010.
305. Fivefold increase in books: Caplow et al., 2001, p. 267.
306. Catchment area for innovations: Diamond, 1997; Sowell, 1994, 1996, 1998.
307. “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”: King, 1963/1995.
308. Arc of justice: Parker, 1852/2005, “Of Justice and Conscience,” in
Ten Sermons of Religion.
Chapter 8: Inner Demons
 
1. Resistance to acknowledging the dark side: See Pinker, 2002.
2. Terrible twos: Côté et al., 2006.
3. Tremblay on babies with guns: Quoted in C. Holden, “The violence of the lambs,”
Science
,
289
, 2000, pp. 580–81.
4. Homicidal fantasies: Kenrick & Sheets, 1994; Buss, 2005, pp. 5–8.
5. Revenge fantasy: Quoted in Buss, 2005, pp. 6–7.
6. Special effects: Schechter, 2005, p. 81.
7. History of violent entertainment: Schechter, 2005.
8. Fiction as an instruction manual for life: Pinker, 1997, chap. 8. Morbid curiosity about violence: Baumeister, 1997; Tiger, 2006.
9. Sex and consciousness: Symons, 1979.
10. Attack cat: Panksepp, 1998, p. 194.
11. Urge to bite surgeon: Quoted in Hitchcock & Cairns, 1973, pp. 897, 898.
12. Swearing: Pinker, 2007b, chap. 7.
13. Soldiers who don’t fire weapons: Collins, 2008; Grossman, 1995; Marshall, 1947/1978.
14. Problems with claims of nonshooting soldiers: Bourke, 1999; Spiller, 1988.
15. Boring fights: Collins, 2008.
16. Ecstasy in battle: Bourke, 1999; Collins, 2008; Thayer, 2004.
17. Trigger of chimpanzee violence: Wrangham, 1999a.
18. Violence against violence researchers: Pinker, 2002, chap. 6; Dreger, 2011.
19. Capacity for evil: Baumeister, 1997; Baumeister & Campbell, 1999.
20. Narratives of harm: Baumeister, Stillwell, & Wotman, 1990.
21. Rate of anger: Baumeister et al., 1990.
22. Harm narratives with harm controlled: Stillwell & Baumeister, 1997.

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