The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War (41 page)

20. Memorial to the Legislature of California, Misc. Petition Reports (1852), California State Archives, Sacramento. See also Paul Finkelman, “The Law of Slavery and Freedom in California, 1848–1860,”
California Western Law Review
17 (1981), 437–38.

21.
Assembly Journal, 1852,
159;
San Francisco Daily Evening Picayune,
Feb. 11, 1852;
San Francisco Pacific,
April 23, 1852.

22.
San Francisco Herald,
April 16, 1852;
San Francisco Pacific,
April 23, 1852.

23. Robert H. Forbes,
Crabb’s Filibustering Expedition into Sonora, 1857
(Phoenix, 1952), Bancroft Library, Berkeley; Joseph Y. Ainsa,
History of the Crabb Expedition into N. Sonora: Decapitation of the State Senator…and
Massacre of Ninety-eight of His Friends, at Caborca and Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico, 1857
(Phoenix, 1951), Bancroft Library; Rufus Kay Wyllys, “Henry A. Crabb—a Tragedy of the Sonora Frontier,”
Pacific Historical Review
9 (1940), 183–94; Joe A. Stout, Jr., “Henry A. Crabb: Filibuster or Colonizer?”
American West
8 (1971), 4–9.

24. Leonard L. Richards,
The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860
(Baton Rouge, La., 2000), 110–11, 179–83.

25. Thomas D. Morris,
Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780–1861
(Baltimore, 1974); Stanley W. Campbell,
The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850–1860
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968); Thomas P. Slaughter,
Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North
(New York, 1991); Kevin L. Gilbert, “The Ordeal of Edward Greeley Loring: Fugitive Slavery, Judicial Reform, and the Politics of Law in 1850s Massachusetts” (Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1997).

26.
Statutes of California, 1852,
67–69;
Senate Journal, 1852,
277;
General Laws of the State of California, 1850–1864
(Sacramento, Calif., 1865), 459–60;
San Francisco Daily Evening Picayune,
Feb. 6, 1852;
San Francisco Herald,
Feb. 8, 1852; C. E. Montgomery, “The Lost Journals of a Pioneer,” entry June 11, 1852,
Overland Monthly
7 (1886), 180; Rudolph M. Lapp, “Negro Rights Activities in Gold Rush California,”
California Historical Quarterly
45 (March 1966), 11; In re Perkins, 2 Cal 424–58 (1852); Ex parte Archy, 9 Cal 147; Lucile Eaves,
A History of California Labor Legislation
(Berkeley, Calif., 1910), 99–103; Finkelman, “Law of Slavery and Freedom in California,” 454–57.

27.
San Francisco Daily Evening Picayune,
Aug. 2, 1851.

28. Antonio Maria de la Guerra to Pablo de la Guerra, Feb. 4, 1852, de la Guerra Papers, Santa Barbara Mission Archives, microfilm; Montgomery, “Lost Journals of a Pioneer,” 179;
San Francisco Pacific,
March 19, 1852;
Alta California,
Feb. 29, 1852.

29.
Senate Journal, 1853,
app., doc. 16, 17; David A. Williams,
David C. Broderick: A Political Portrait
(San Marino, Calif., 1969), 35–37; Hubert Howe Bancroft,
History of California, 1848–1859 6 vols. (San Francisco, 1888), 6:668–69; Winfield J. Davis,
History of Political Conventions in California, 1849–1892 (Sacramento, Calif., 1893), 25.

30.
Execution of Colonel Crabb and Associates,
35th Cong., 1st sess., 1857–58, House Executive Document 64, 71.

31. Ibid., 83.

32. W. O. Croffut, ed.,
Fifty Years in Camp and Field: Diary of Major General Ethan Allen Hitchcock
(New York, 1909), 400–3.

33.
Execution of Colonel Crabb and Associates,
33. For the story of the invasion, see also Forbes,
Crabb’s Filibustering Expedition into Sonora
; Ainsa,
History
of the Crabb Expedition
; Edward S. Wallace,
Destiny and Glory
(New York, 1957), 122, 117–19; Wyllys, “Henry A. Crabb—a Tragedy of the Sonora Frontier,” 183–94; Stout, “Henry A. Crabb: Filibuster or Colonizer?” 4–9; May,
Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire,
148.

34.
Execution of Colonel Crabb and Associates,
74.

35. Calculated from Thomas Senior Berry, “Gold! But How Much?”
California Historical Quarterly
55 (Fall 1976), 251; James Gerber, “Gold Rushes and the Trans-Pacific Wheat Trade: California and Australia, 1848–57,” in Dennis O. Flynn, Lionel Frost, and A. J. H. Latham, eds.,
Pacific Centuries: Pacific and Pacific Rim History Since the Sixteenth Century
(London, 1999), app. 1, 147.

36. Robert R. Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast as an Issue in American Politics, 1783–1864
(Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1948), 56–58;
House Reports,
30th Cong., 2nd sess., 1848–49, vol. 1, no. 26.

37. Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
58–59;
Congressional Globe,
30th Cong., 2nd sess., 1848–49, 40, 49–52, 59–60, 398–402, 411–15, 457–63, 626.

38. John Haskell Kemble,
The Panama Route, 1848–1869
(Berkeley, Calif., 1943); Fessenden Nott Otis,
History of the Panama Railroad…
(New York, 1867); Joseph Schott,
Rails Across Panama: The Story of the Building of the Panama Railroad
(Indianapolis, 1967), 102.

39. Wheaton J. Lane,
Commodore Vanderbilt: An Epic of the Steam Age
(New York, 1942).

40.
House Executive Documents,
31st Cong., 1st sess., 1849–50, vol. 10, no. 75, 173–80; Manning,
Diplomatic Correspondence: Inter-American Affairs,
3:360–74, 193–408; James P. Baughman,
Charles Morgan and the Development of Southern Transportation
(Nashville, 1968), chap. 4; Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
64–66, 74–75.

41. Baughman,
Charles Morgan and the Development of Southern Transportation,
73–74.

42. Oscar T. Shuck,
Representative and Leading Men of the Pacific
(San Francisco, 1870), 143–64; Frank Soulé et al.,
The Annals of San Francisco
(New York, 1854), 744–47.

43. William Frank Stewart,
Last of the Fillibusters; or, Recollections of the Siege of Rivas
(Sacramento, Calif., 1857), 11, 12.

44. For Walker’s life and adventures, see William O. Scroggs,
Filibusters and Financiers: The Story of William Walker and His Associates
(New York, 1916), passim; Wallace,
Destiny and Glory,
passim; Albert Z. Carr,
The World of William Walker
(New York, 1963), passim; Joseph A. Stout, Jr.,
The Liberators: Filibustering Expeditions into Mexico, 1848–1862, and the Last Thrust of Manifest Destiny
(Los Angeles, 1973), passim; May,
Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire,
77–83, 111–35; and Robert E. May,
Manifest
Destiny’s Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2002), passim.

45.
Alta California,
Dec. 15, 1853; Croffut,
Diary of Major General Ethan Allen Hitchcock,
400–5; Etta Olive Powell, “Southern Influences in California Politics Before 1864” (master’s thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1929), 70; Robert E. May, “Young Army Males and Filibustering in the Age of Manifest Destiny: The United States Army as a Cultural Mirror,”
Journal of American History
78 (Dec. 1991), 872–73.

46. Stewart,
Last of the Fillibusters,
85.

47. James Carson Jamison,
With Walker in Nicaragua; or, Reminiscences of an Officer of the American Phalanx
(Columbia, Mo., 1909), 15, 58–64.

48. Brown,
Agents of Manifest Destiny,
378–81.

49. J. Preston Moore, “Pierre Soulé: Southern Expansionist and Promoter,”
Journal of Southern History
21 (May 1955), 205–15.

50. William Walker,
The War in Nicaragua
(New York, 1860), 263.

CHAPTER 6

1.
Congressional Globe,
32nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1852–53, 280–85; Robert R. Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast as an Issue in American Politics, 1783–1864
(Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1948), 97–98; Arthur Quinn,
The Rivals: William Gwin, David Broderick, and the Birth of California
(New York, 1994), 142–43.

2.
Congressional Globe,
32nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1852–53, 315; 33rd Cong., 1st sess., 1853–54), app. 1031–36. Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
97–98, 148–49; Mark W. Summers,
The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crisis of the Union, 1849–1861
(New York, 1987), 205–6.

3. Mary W. Clarke,
Thomas J. Rusk: Soldier, Statesman, Jurist
(Austin, Tex., 1971).

4.
Congressional Globe,
32nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1852–53, 469–70, 711, 714, 744; Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
98–108; Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York, 1973), 391–94.

5.
Congressional Globe,
32nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1852–53, 474–75, 542–44, 556–65, 1111–17; Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
156–59; Johannsen,
Douglas,
395–98.

6. Jefferson Davis, speech at Merchant’s Hotel, Philadelphia, following banquet, July 12, 1853, in Lynda Lasswell Crist and Mary Seaton Dix, eds.,
The Papers of Jefferson Davis
(Baton Rouge, La., 1985), 5:30–31.

7. William J. Cooper, Jr.,
Jefferson Davis, American
(New York, 2000), 257–58.

8. Frank N. Schubert, ed.,
The Nation Builders: A Sesquicentennial History of
the Corps of Topographical Engineers, 1838–1863
(Fort Belvoir, Va., 1988), 66–67.

9. William Goetzmann,
Army Exploration in the American West, 1803–1863
(New Haven, Conn., 1959), 128–30, 267–74; James P. Shenton,
Robert John Walker: A Politician from Jackson to Lincoln
(New York, 1961), 129–33;
Re-union of the Passengers on the Fourth of June, 1874, Being the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Arrival of the Steamship
Panama
at San Francisco
(San Francisco, 1874).

10. Report of the Secretary of War to President Franklin Pierce, Dec. 1, 1853, in Dunbar Rowland, ed.,
Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: His Letters, Papers, and Speeches,
10 vols. ( Jackson, Miss., 1923), 2:310–17; Clement Eaton,
Jefferson Davis
(New York, 1977), 85; Goetzmann,
Army Exploration in the American West,
295; Stephen E. Ambrose,
Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869
(New York, 2000), 31; Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
180.

11. David Hunter Miller, ed.,
Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America,
8 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1942–48), 6:342–47. For the complete correspondence between the State Department, Gadsden, and Mexican officials, see Miller,
Treaties of the United States,
6:293–437, and William R. Manning, ed.,
Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Inter-American Affairs, 1831–1860,
12 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1932–39), 9:134–69, 600–96.

12. For details on the Tehuantepec entrepreneurs, see Merl E. Reed,
New Orleans and the Railroads: The Struggle for Commercial Empire, 1830–1860
(Baton Rouge, La., 1966), 69, 71–72; J. J. Williams, comp.,
The Isthmus of Tehuantepec…Prepared for the Tehuantepec Railroad Company of New Orleans
(New York, 1852);
Senate Executive Documents,
32nd Cong., 1st sess., 1851–52, vol. 10, no. 97;
Congressional Globe,
32nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1852–53, app., 134–47, 160–70; Robert D. Meade,
Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman
(New York, 1943), 74–75, 122–23; A. L. Diket, “Slidell’s Right Hand: Emile La Sere,”
Louisiana History
4 (1963), 189–93.

13. Gadsden to Marcy, July 7, 1853, Gray to Marcy, Aug. 12, Sept. 13, 1853, William L. Marcy Papers, Library of Congress; Odie B. Faulk,
Too Far North, Too Far South
(Los Angeles, 1967), 128–29, 10–11.

14. Miller,
Treaties of the United States,
6:342–47, 361–62; Faulk,
Too Far North, Too Far South,
129, 131.

15. Gadsden to Marcy, Nov. 19, 1853, Sept. 2, 1854, in Manning,
Diplomatic Correspondence: Inter-American Affairs,
9:666–67, 728–30;
Charleston Daily Courier,
Jan. 21, 1854.

16. Quoted in Clarence R. Wharton,
El Presidente: A Sketch of the Life of Gen
eral Santa Anna
(Austin, Tex., 1926), 189; Faulk,
Too Far North, Too Far South,
131.

17. Paul Neff Garber,
The Gadsden Treaty
(Philadelphia, 1923), 109–45; Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
130–49.

18.
Congressional Globe,
33rd Cong., 1st sess., 1853–54, app. 1031–36; Goetzmann,
Army Exploration in the American West,
266–74; Summers,
Plundering Generation,
205–6; Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
148–49.

19. Zedekiah Kidwell,
Supplementary Report in Reply to the Comments of the Sec. of War,
34th Cong., 3rd sess., 1857, 44; Goetzmann,
Army Exploration in the American West,
299, 303–4.

20. Since the treaty was considered in secret session, much of the story on how it was passed comes from “leaks,” especially leaks to
The New York Herald,
which published article after article on the deals that were made to get the treaty passed. Were the leaks trustworthy? Some were confirmed by more than one source; others were not. See
New York Herald,
Jan. 6–April 25, 1854.

21. Garber,
Gadsden Treaty,
109–45; Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast,
130–49.