The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War (44 page)

21.
Washington Union,
Nov. 24, Dec. 1, 3, 1857.

22. James D. Richardson, ed.,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents,
20 vols. (New York, 1897), 7:3010.

23. Johannsen,
Douglas,
586; Roy F. Nichols,
The Disruption of American Democracy
(New York, 1948), 137; Stampp,
America in 1857,
292–93.

24.
Congressional Globe,
35th Cong., 1st sess., 1857–58, 163–64. See also Stampp,
America in 1857,
305–6, 326, 328; Johannsen,
Douglas,
612; David A. Williams,
David C. Broderick: A Political Portrait
(San Marino, Calif., 1969), 181.

25.
Congressional Globe,
35th Cong., 1st sess., 1857–58, 492, 623; Nichols,
Disruption of American Democracy,
232.

26.
Congressional Globe,
35th Cong., 1st sess., 1857–58, 962, app., 69–71; Drew Gilpin Faust,
James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery
(Baton Rouge, La., 1982), 346–47; Etta Olive Powell, “Southern Influences in California Politics Before 1864” (master’s thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1929), 150.

27.
Congressional Globe,
35th Cong., 1st sess., 1857–58, app., 193.

28. For Buchanan’s use and misuse of presidential power, see House Report 249, 36th Cong., 1st sess., 1859–60;
The Covode Investigation,
36th Cong., 1st sess., 1859–60, House Report 648; Mark W. Summers,
The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crisis of the Union, 1849–1861
(New York, 1987), 252–60; David Meerse, “James Buchanan, the Patronage, and the Northern Democratic Party, 1857–1858” (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1969).

29. Elijah J. Kennedy,
The Contest for California in 1861
(Boston, 1912), 44; Edgar Eugene Robinson, ed., “The Day Journal of Milton S. Latham,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
9 (March 1932), 14. The full exchange between Broderick and Douglas was not recorded. For other versions, see Nichols,
Disruption of American Democracy,
177–78; Stampp,
America in 1857,
305–6, 326, 328; Johannsen,
Douglas,
612; Williams,
Broderick,
178.

30. Clay-Clopton,
A Belle of the Fifties,
86, 126–37; Havilland,
A Metrical Description of a Fancy Ball Given at Washington.

31.
San Francisco Daily National,
July 16, 1859; Johannsen,
Douglas,
686, 690–91.

32.
Alta California,
Sept. 30, Oct. 1, Nov. 10, 16, Dec. 18, 1858;
Congressional Globe,
35th Cong., 2nd sess., 1858–59, 357, 417.

33. John W. Forney,
Anecdotes of Public Men,
2 vols. (New York, 1873, 1881), 1:27–28.

34. Forney was undoubtedly much taken with Broderick. He later referred to him as “the noblest Roman of them all.” See ibid., 1:316.

35. George J. Bernard affidavit,
People of California v. McGlynn,
California State Archives, file 3494, 90, Sacramento.

36.
Alta California,
Sept. 2–4, 1858.

37. Leonard Pitt,
Decline of the Californios: A Social History of Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846–1890
(Berkeley, Calif., 1966), 34–35, 139–40, 145, 203–5.

38. The motives behind the Pico bill have long been in dispute. See, for example, Hubert Howe Bancroft,
History of California, 1848–1859,
7 vols. (San Francisco, 1888–90), 7:254–55; Theodore H. Hittell,
History of California,
4 vols. (San Francisco, 1885–97), 4:261; James M. Guinn, “How California Escaped State Division,”
Historical Society of Southern California, Annual Publications
(1905), 223–32; William H. Ellison, “The Movement for State Division in California, 1849–1860,”
Southwestern Historical Quarterly
17 (1914), 111–24; Ellison,
Self-Governing Dominion,
175–76; Rockwell D. Hunt, “History of the California State Division Controversy,”
Historical Society of Southern California Annual Publication
13 (1924), 44–46; Peter Wang, “The Mythical Confederate Plot in Southern California,”
San Bernardino County Museum Society Quarterly
16 (1969), 14–15; Ward M. McAfee, “California’s House Divided,”
Civil War History
33 ( June 1987), 122–23.

39.
Communication of Governor Latham to the President of the United States in Relation to the Division of the State of California
(Sacramento, Calif., 1860), 4; Charles A. Barker, ed.,
Memoirs of Elisha Oscar Crosby
(San Marino, Calif., 1945), 62–63.

40. “Speech of the Hon. H. S. Foote, of Mississippi,”
DeBow’s Review
27 ( July–Dec. 1859), 219.

41. Roach to Davis, June 27, 1859, in Dunbar Rowland, ed.,
Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: His Letters, Papers, and Speeches,
10 vols. ( Jackson, Miss., 1923), 4:59–61.

42. Donald E. Hargis, “The Great Debate in California: 1859,”
Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly
42 ( June 1960), 150–57; speeches reported in
Sacramento Daily Union,
July 11–Aug. 26, 1859.

43.
Sacramento Union,
Aug. 10–11, 1859;
Alta California,
Aug. 11, 1859;
San Francisco News,
Aug. 11, 1859; William Gwin, “An Address to the People of the State of California, on the Senatorial Election of 1857, Giving a History Thereof, and Exposing the Duplicity of Broderick…” (San Francisco, 1859), Bancroft Library.

44.
San Francisco News,
Aug. 19, 1859;
Sacramento Union,
Aug. 18, 31, 1859.

45.
Alta California,
Sept. 9–11, 1859;
San Francisco News,
Sept. 9–10, 1859.

46. For details concerning the events leading to the Broderick-Terry duel, see Donald E. Hargis, “The Issues in the Broderick-Gwin Debates of 1859,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
32 (Dec. 1953), 313–25; Donald E. Hargis, “‘Straight Toward His Heart’: George Wilkes’ Eulogy of David C. Broderick,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
38 (Sept. 1959), 196–217; L. E. Fredman, “Broderick: A Reassessment,”
Pacific Historical Review
30 (Feb. 1961), 39–46; John Currey,
The Terry-Broderick Duel
(Washington, D.C., 1896); Carroll Douglas Hall,
The Terry-Broderick Duel
(San Francisco, 1939); A. Russell Buchanan,
David S. Terry of California: Dueling Judge
(San Marino, Calif., 1956).

47. “Oration of Col. E. D. Baker,” in Lynch,
Life of David C. Broderick,
229–38.

48. Oscar T. Shuck,
Masterpieces of E. D. Baker
(San Francisco, 1899); “Oration of Colonel Edward D. Baker over the Dead Body of David C. Broderick,” in Currey,
Terry-Broderick Duel,
44; Cornelius Cole to William H. Seward, Sept. 19, 1859, Cole Papers, UCLA, microfilm; Barker,
Memoirs of Crosby,
62–63;
Alta California,
Aug. 17, 24, 1860;
Sacramento Union,
Aug. 27, 1860; Gerald Stanley, “The Slavery Issue and Election in California, 1860,”
Mid-America
62 ( Jan. 1980), 38.

49.
San Francisco Examiner,
Aug. 18, 1889, clipping, Bancroft Library.

EPILOGUE

1.
Alta California,
Sept. 17–21, 1859;
San Francisco Steamer Times,
Sept. 20, 1859.

2. Allan Nevins,
The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to the Civil War,
2 vols. (New York, 1950), 2:121; Drew Gilpin Faust,
James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery
(Baton Rouge, La., 1982), 355.

3.
New Orleans Daily Delta,
Nov. 19, 1859; William J. Cooper, Jr.,
Jefferson Davis, American
(New York, 2000), 301–2.

4.
Congressional Globe,
36th Cong., 1st sess., 1859–60, 121–24, 128–29.

5. Ibid., 121–24; William H. Ellison, ed., “Memoirs of the Hon. William M. Gwin,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
19 (Dec. 1940), 348ff.

6. John W. Forney,
Anecdotes of Public Men,
2 vols. (New York, 1873, 1881), 1:315.

7. These incidents became tied up with a celebrated duel between McCorkle and Gwin in 1853. The duel itself was a farce. The contestants agreed on rifles at thirty paces. The seconds forgot to bring bullets. Then, once bullets were obtained, both contestants fired and missed, not once but three times. Finally, everyone pretended it was all a misunderstanding and went home. For the details, see
San Francisco Pacific,
June and July 1853;
San Francisco Herald,
June 4, 1853; the lengthy satire in
Alta California,
June 9, 1853; Sylvester Mowry to Edward Bicknall, May 31–June 1, 1853, in Letters to Edward Bicknall, 1853–55, Bancroft Library.

8.
Communication of Governor Latham to the President of the United States in Relation to the Division of the State of California
(Sacramento, Calif., 1860), 4; Rockwell D. Hunt, “History of the California State Division Controversy,”
Historical Society of Southern California Annual Publication
13 (1924), 44–46; William F. Thompson, “The Political Career of Milton Slocum Latham of California” (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1952).

9.
Congressional Globe,
36th Cong., 1st sess., 1859–60, 1728; Winfield J. Davis,
History of Political Conventions in California, 1849–1892
(Sacramento, Calif., 1893), 128–30.

10. Davis,
Political Conventions in California,
110, 112–14.

11. Thompson, “Latham of California,” 86–90; Ward M. McAfee, “California’s House Divided,”
Civil War History
33 ( June 1987), 122–23; for the quotation, see Davis,
Political Conventions in California,
106.

12. David A. Williams, “California Democrats of 1860: Division, Disruption, Defeat,”
Southern California Quarterly
55 (Fall 1973), 244, 246; Rockwell D. Hunt,
John Bidwell
(Caldwell, Idaho, 1942), 175–76; John Parkhurst,
Official Proceedings of the Democratic Convention at Charleston and Baltimore
(n.p., 1860), 74–89.

13. Williams, “California Democrats of 1860,” 247–49; Murat Halstead,
Caucuses of 1860
(Columbus, Ohio, 1860), 198–99; Parkhurst,
Official Proceedings of the Democratic Convention at Charleston and Baltimore,
148.

14. Williams, “California Democrats of 1860,” 249–50; Halstead,
Caucuses of 1860,
221.

15.
San Francisco Evening Bulletin,
June 18, 1860;
Los Angeles Star,
Aug. 11, 1860;
Sacramento Union,
Nov. 9, 1860; Etta Olive Powell, “Southern Influences in California Politics Before 1864” (master’s thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1929), 148–50; Davis,
Political Conventions in California,
113–14.

16.
Los Angeles Star,
Nov. 10, 17, 24, 1860, May 4, 1861; Ronald C. Woolsey, “Disunion or Dissent? A New Look at an Old Problem in Southern California Attitudes Toward the Civil War,”
Southern California Quarterly
66 (Fall 1984), 187.

17. Davis,
Political Conventions in California,
128–30; Joseph W. Ellison,
California and the Nation, 1850–1869
(Berkeley, Calif., 1927), 182–87.

18. John Haskell Kemble,
The Panama Route, 1848–1869
(Berkeley, Calif., 1943), 208–9, 255; Thomas Senior Berry, “Gold! But How Much?”
California Historical Quarterly
55 (Fall 1976), 251–52; James M. Hill,
Historical Summary of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc Produced in California, 1848 to 1926,
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Economic Paper 3 (Washington, D.C., 1929); Bray Hammond,
Sovereignty and an Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War
(Princeton, N.J., 1970), 38–39, 74, 119, 151; Helen B. Walters, “Confederates in Southern California,”
Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly
35 (March 1953), 41.

19. The commander of Union forces in California, General Edwin V. Sumner, estimated that the “secession party” in California numbered “about 32,000 men.” The U.S. military estimated that three-eighths of the citizens were from the slaveholding states. In coming up with this number, the military apparently excluded all the foreign-born, who accounted for nearly 40 percent of the state’s population, and exaggerated the number of Southern-born. In any event, these figures didn’t come close to matching the official numbers in the 1860 census. For the figures and the problems with them, see U.S. War Department,
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
(Washington, D.C., 1897), ser. 1, vol. 50, pt. 1, 643, 290; and Benjamin Franklin Gilbert, “California and the Civil War: A Bibliographical Essay,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
40 (Dec. 1961), 292. For a handy guide to the state’s population in 1860, see Doris Marion Wright, “The Making of Cosmopolitan California: An Analysis of Immigration, 1848–1870,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
19 (Dec. 1940), 339–40.

20. Ralph S. Kuykendall, “A California States Rights Editor,”
Grizzly Bear
24 ( Jan. 1919), 3–4.

21. For conflicting details, see Benjamin Franklin Gilbert, “The Confederate Minority in California,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
20 ( June 1941), 154–70; Walters, “Confederates in Southern California,” 41–53; Ronald C. Woolsey, “The Politics of a Lost Cause: ‘Seceshers’ and Democrats in Southern California During the Civil War,”
California History
69 (Winter 1990–91), 372–83; Clarence C. Clendennen, “Dan Showalter—California Secessionist,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
40 (Dec. 1961), 309–25; Peter Wang, “The Mythical Confederation Plot in Southern California,”
Quarterly of San Bernardino County Museum Association
16 (1969), 1–24.

22. Benjamin Franklin Gilbert, “Kentucky Privateers in California,”
Register of Kentucky State Historical Society
38 (1940), 256–66; James Wilkins, ed.,
The Great Diamond Hoax and Other Stirring Incidents in the Life of Asbury Harpending
(San Francisco, 1913), 45–83;
Alta California,
March 16–17, 1863; James A. B. Scherer,
Thirty-first Star
(New York, 1942), 256–57; Aurora Hunt,
The Army of the Pacific, 1860–1866
(Glendale, Calif., 1950), 305–10.