The Columbia History of British Poetry (28 page)

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Authors: Carl Woodring,James Shapiro

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Page 120
Lady Blessington's sardonic verses with a tail rhyme, "Your friend!," have survived in anthologies.
Although it is still possible to laugh with
Ingoldsby
and
Gaultier
, most such collections have been preserved in their "Seventeenth [etc.] Edition" largely because of illustrations by Richard Doyle and other fine caricaturists. Similarly, Rogers's
Italy
and
Poems
continued to flourish because he commissioned illustrations by Turner.
Ingoldsby
parodied serious poems by Thomas Hood ("I remember, I remember"; ''I sing of a shirt that
never was
new!"), but Hoodin youth an imitator of Keats and later a castigator in
Punch
of social inequalityon his own comic ground was inimitable. Although he reveled equally with Barham and Aytoun in disaster and the physically grotesque, his transcendent puns took the sting out of dismemberment, as in the "pathetic ballad" of Faithless Nelly Gray, no longer enamored of a soldier, who had laid down his arms because he had lost his legs:
"Why, then," said she, "you've lost the feet
  Of legs in war's alarms,
And now you cannot wear your shoes
  Upon your feats of arms!"
One of Hood's longer narratives, "Miss Kilmansegg and Her Precious Leg," ends when the heroine, whose family was prosperous enough to replace her lost limb with a leg of gold but less haughty when she was murdered with it, is judged by a jury to be unburiable in sacred ground because it is suicidal to be done to death by your own leg. The thirty-four lines of "A Nocturnal Sketch" challenge other zanies to match its triple rhymes: "To go and see the Drury-Lane Dane slain, / Or hear Othello's jealous doubt spout out, / Or Macbeth raving at that shade-made-blade." In one of Hood's shortest squibs, "To Minerva," the punster has tired of poetry: "Then, Pallas, take away thine Owl, / And let us have a lark instead." Collective editions of Hood include caricatures that his readersalmost uniquely for comic versetend to ignore.
Hood gave an age of utility, industry, sexual squeamishness, and coercive corsets popular moments of caprice and whim. Three Victori-ans, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, Edward Lear, and W. S. Gilbert lifted whim through the gates of propriety into sublime nonsense. Dodg-son, under his pseudonym Lewis Carroll, composed the purest nonsense of the three, not as more nonsensical but as a more orderly reversal of logic. Lear, inclined toward an almost vapid purity as an
 
Page 121
ornithological and topographical draftsman, chose sloppier forms for violations of logic in verse. Gilbert added to his inheritance from
Ingoldsby
,
Gaultier
, and Hood superior twists of paradox.
All three borrowed from Victorian pantomime and burlesque the absurdities they invited us to call nonsense. As in Hood and
Ingoldsby
, the grotesque in Carroll, Lear, and Gilbert is a talisman for crowding one terror against anotherand waiting in curbed anxiety for the terrors to suffocate. Hardly an unconscious device in these printed-out comics, the risible grotesque closely resembles the conscious cross-dressing of a transvestite.
Characteristically, Dodgson derived "Lewis Carroll" by idiosyncrat-ically logical reverse translation from "Charles Lutwidge." The first verses in
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
show how near to nonsense were poems with the utilitarian design of improving children morally. Isaac Watts's "How doth the little busy bee'' becomes "How doth the little crocodile / Improve his shining tail . . ."! Awareness that "Improve" points toward improvement of estate and improvement by upward marriage reaches the reader either directly or through the hypocrisy of the welcome extended to little fishes by the crocodile's "gently smiling jaws." The tail improved is also a tale; in the next chapter a long tale becomes typographically a lengthy, diminishing tail. (Have parents explained this pun when reading aloud?) Few listeners in 1865 would need to be told that "You are old father William," "Will you walk a little faster?" and "Twinkle, twinkle, little bat" parodied commonly memorized poems by Southey, Howitt, and Taylorwith similarly disrespectful non sequiturs: "Do you think, at your age, it is right?" (All the originals parodied can be found in
The Annotated Alice
of Martin Gardner, and wholly or partially in Dwight Macdonald's
Parodies
.)
In the last chapter of
Alice
the White Rabbit reads to the jury an experiment to see if words arranged to make sense could mean nothing at all:
I gave her one, they gave him two,
  You gave us three or more;
They all returned from him to you,
  Though they were mine before.
And then, in the chess game of
Througb the Looking Glass
, "Jabber-wocky" tries out the proposition that nonwords in proper syntactic order can convey meaning:
 
Page 122
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
After arguing that "slithy" is a portmanteau neologism, conflating "slimy" and "lithe," and with less conviction that ''mimsy" conflates "miserable" and "flimsy." Humpty Dumpty (who had come to Alice from a nursery jingle) returns to the kind of nonsense recited by the White Rabbit: the speaker of the egg-on-a-wall's couplets sends messages to the fish to no avail, but when he fills the kettle at the pump, he finds that the door is locked. "That's all," said Humpty Dumpty, who, we remember, made each word mean "just what I choose it to mean." Tweedledee's song of "The Walrus and the Carpenter" begins in absurdity, with the moon accusing the sun of rudeness for shining at midnight, but more than logic is reversed when the cheerful breaking of commandments ends in reward for gluttony and hypocrisy.
Could the Dodgson who photographed little girls as naked as their mothers permitted have seen no intimation of sex in a croquet game wherein a hedgehog was to be hit on the head with a flamingo that "
would
twist" instead of keeping "its neck nicely straightened out," while the Queen of Hearts shouted "'Off with his head!' or 'Off with her head!'"? Yes, he could, and however wrong he may have been, history has nothing more important to teach us about ourselves, for Dodgsonconfronted with a later audience taught to find in the croquet game sexual significance, conscious or unconscious, and taught other theories of language than hiswould remain a Victorian able to declare that the episode is over all a game of antilogical nonsense created by a sufficiently conscious author. He might as author grant us the presence here, and throughout the Alice books, of war games, including wars of gender and generations.
Lewis Carroll's best longer poem,
The Hunting of the Snark
(1876), called by him "mock-heroic nonsense," pretends to be an epic of quest and trial. An early stanza becomes in later modification a refrain; bareness of diction makes the two pairs of rhyme chime louder:
They sought it with thimbles, they sought it with care;
  They pursued it with forks and hope;
They threatened its life with a railway-share;
  They charmed it with smiles and soap!

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