The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1347 page)

 
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FUKASETSU
.

 
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see
HSIANG-YEN CHIH-HSIEN
.

 
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(Jap., ‘sectarian
Shinto
’). A group of independent Shinto sects which began their activities in the late Tokugawa and early Meiji periods. When the government created State Shinto (
kokka shint
), which embraced most of the Shinto shrines, it did not wish to incorporate these new groups but created the special category of Ky
ha Shint
so that it could regard them as private religious organizations. These thirteen sects originated in close relation to peasant movements, devotional associations, magico-religious practices, and ideas about changing the world through religious practices. The thirteen traditional Shinto sects can be classified in several different groupings: pure Shinto sects (Shint
Taiky
, Shinriky
, and Izumo
yashiroky
), Confucianistic Shinto sects (Shint
Sh
seiha and Shint
Taiseiky
), purification sects (Shinsh
ky