The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (2406 page)

(Arab., ‘cleanliness’). Ritual purification in Islam. Purification is required before actions which are not lawful without ablutions—especially
al
t
,
circumambulation
of the
Ka‘ba
, touching the
Qur’
n
. Impurity is dealt with by wudu’ and
ghusl
: see
ABLUTIONS
(Islam).

 
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(Arab., ‘corruption’). In Islam, an alteration of the written words, alteration when reading aloud, omission from or addition to the text, or wrong interpretation of an unaltered text. The charge, originally made against the Jews, was extended to the Christians also, of having somehow changed their scriptures (
Tawr
t
and
Inj
l
respectively).

 
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see
GREAT LEARNING
.

 
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1089–1163)
, Ch'an/Zen teacher in the
Rinzai
school. He was the dharma-successor (
hassu
) of Yüan-wu K'o-ch'in, and was a major advocate of training by use of
k
ans
. In this he opposed his friend, Hung-chih Cheng-chüeh, who accepted k
ans, but put emphasis on quiet meditation, as in his brief text,
Mo-chao ming
, Jap.,
Mokushomei
(The Seal of Silent Illumination). Ta-hui called this
jazen
, unwise Zen, dismissing those who practise it. Ta-hui gave to this position the name
mokushu zen
, i.e., ‘silent-illumination zen’. Hung-chih called the way of Ta-hui
k'an-hua ch'an
, Japanese
kanna zen
, ‘K
an-gazing zen’, and these two names were adopted as the names of these two positions.