on earth. This theory of ijtih
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00006.jpg)
d, which led to the authoritarian development of Shi‘ite Islam, is set forth in
Risalat al-ijtihad wa'l-akhbar
.
B
ja
(Skt., ‘seed, potency’). In both Hinduism and Buddhism, the latent power underlying every manifest appearance. In particular, b
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00013.jpg)
ja is the power concentrated in a symbolic sound, which a
guru
has learnt in experience, and which he passes on to a pupil in a b
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00013.jpg)
ja
mantra
(seed syllable). An aspect of the absolute reality is thus concentrated in the mantra.
Biku
.
Bil
kaif(a)
: