The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (705 page)

see
P
THIVI
.

 
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Dybbuk
(evil spirit in Jewish folklore)
:

see
DIBBUK
.

 
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Dying and rising Gods
.

Deities found in the Mediterranean world which suggested a general ‘myth and ritual’ pattern, which in turn was then applied to many other figures, including Jesus. The pattern was supposed to be one in which the king represented God in a New Year ritual, in which he was symbolically slain, thereafter rising from the dead: this was supposed to have secured fertility. Figures such as Adonis, Isis and Osiris, Marduk, Tammuz/Dumuzi were claimed for this pattern.

 
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Dynasties, Chinese
.

Legendary dynasties are the Three Sovereigns, the Five Emperors. In Ancient China the dynasties are Hsia/Xia (uncertain dates); Shang (Yin) (
c.
1766–1123 BCE); Chou/Zhou (
c.
1122–256 BCE). The dynasties in Imperial China are as follows: Ch’in/Qin (221–207 BCE); Former Han (206/2 BCE–9 CE); Hsin (9–23); Latter Han (25–220); The Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu, Wu: 220–80); Chin/Jin (divided,
c.
280–420); The Six Dynasties, with China divided (450–589); Sui (589–618); T’ang/Tang (618–907); The Five Dynasties (907–60); Sung (960–1279); Yuan (1260–1367); Ming (1368–1644); and Ch’ing (1644–1911). The Republic lasted 1912–49 and the People's Republic began in 1949.

 
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Dynasties, Muslim
.

The dynasties frequently mentioned here are listed in chronological order, beginning with al-Rashidun/ar-Rashidun, the Four Orthodox Caliphs, 632–61 (AH 11–40):
Abu Bakr
, 632–4 (AH 11–13), ‘Umar, 634–44 (AH 13–23), ‘Uthm
n, 644–56 (AH 23–35), ‘Al
, 656–61 (AH 35–40). Umayyad (
Damascus
), 667–750 (AH 41–132); ‘Abbasid (Baghd
d), 750–1258 (AH 132–656); Umayyad of Cordova, 756–1031 (AH 138–422); F
imids (Mahdiya and Cairo), 909–1171 (AH 297–567); Mamluk(e)s: Bahri, 1250–1390 (AH 648–792) and Burji, 1382–1517 (AH 784–922); Seljuq (Persia and Iraq), 1037–1157 (AH 429–552). The Ottoman Empire lasted 1299–1923 (AH 699–1341). Shahs of Persia include: Safavid, 1502–1736 (AH 907–1148), Qajar, 1779–1909 (AH 1193–1327), and Pahlavi, 1925–79 (AH 1344–99). In India dynasties include the Ghaznavid, 976–1186 (AH 366–582), and Mughal (Mogul), 1526–1858 (AH 932–1276).