The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown (209 page)

Epistle of Barnabas:
s.v. Pseudo-Barnabas

Epistle to Diognetus:
anonymous apologetic letter defending Christianity against its accusers dating to the second or third century AD

Epistula Apostolorum:
Latin for “Letter of the Apostles,” second-century AD document that is part of the NT Apocrypha, falsely ascribed to the apostles and ultimately declared heretical

eschatology:
doctrine of the end time

eschaton:
Gk. term meaning “last”; usually refers to end-time events related to Christ's return

ethnarch:
title of ancient ruler such as Archelaus, who was ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Edom (4 BC-AD 6)

etymology:
study of the history of the meaning of a word

Euripides:
fifth-century BC Athenian dramatist

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. AD 260—c. 340):
fourth-century church father and emininent historian of the early church best known for his important work
Ecclesiastical History

exhortatio:
Lat. term for rhetorical section containing an exhortation

exile, the:
the subjugation or deportation of the Jewish people by the Assyrians in 721 BC and the Babylonians in 605, 597, and 586 BC; also called “captivity”

exordium:
Lat. for “beginning”; introductory portion of an oration or argument

experts in the Law:
NT designation for Jewish scribes and Scripture scholars; often referred to as “scribes”

extant reference:
passage available in an existing manuscript

external evidence:
attestation of a given piece of writing by a source outside of that document, such as by a patristic writer; in contrast to internal evidence (s.v.)

Felix:
Roman procurator of Judea (AD 52-59; see Acts 24)

Festus, Porcius:
Roman procurator of Judea (AD 60—62; see Acts 25)

Florus, Gessius:
Roman procurator of Judea (AD
64—66)

forensic rhetoric:
type of speech used in a courtroom setting

form criticism:
method of biblical criticism that classifies units of Scripture by literary genre or pattern

formal equivalence:
word-for-word approach to Bible translation (e.g., NASB)

fourfold Gospel:
the notion that, properly understood, the four canonical Gospels constitute
one
gospel “according to” the four witnesses Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

fulfillment quotations:
statements by the authors of the four Gospels, especially Matthew and John, highlighting the fulfillment of various messianic passages in Jesus; introduced with a formula such as “that the words of the prophet might be fulfilled” (e.g., Matt 1:22; 2:5,15,17,23)

functional equivalence:
phrase-by-phrase approach to Bible translation (e.g., NLT)

futurist:
an interpretation of the book of Revelation that sees chaps. 4—22 as referring to future events

Galba:
Roman emperor (June AD 68-January AD 69)

Galilee:
region in the north of Palestine surrounding the Sea of Galilee

Gallio Inscription:
inscription found in Delphi, Greece, that confirms that Gallio was the governor of Achaia when Paul was in Corinth in AD 51—52 (see Acts 18:12)

Gamaliel I the Elder, Rabbi:
a preeminent first-century Jewish rabbi and teacher of Paul prior to the latter's conversion to Christianity (see Acts 22:3; cf. Acts 5:34—39; Phil 3:4-6)

Gemara:
part of the Talmud that contains rabbinic commentary and analysis of the Mishnah; s.v. also Jerusalem Talmud, Talmud

gematria:
numerical symbolism (e.g., Jesus' genealogy in Matt 1:1—17 in three groups of 14 generations since 14 is the total of the value of the three Hebrew letters in the name “David”)

General Epistles:
collective expression for a body of NT writings that contains Hebrews, James, 1—2 Peter, 1—3 John, and Jude; called “general” because they are addressed to a wide, varied, and often unspecified audience

Geneva Bible:
translation of the Bible into English from the original languages published in 1560

Georgian manuscripts:
ancient manuscripts dating back as far as the fifth century AD written in Georgian, the language spoken in Georgia, a region between the Black and Caspian Seas on the Caucasian mountain chain
gĕzêrâšāwâ:
use of verbally analogous words to draw attention to the relationship between two passages.

Gnostic Gospels:
body of literature produced by the adherents to an early Christian heresy called “Gnosticism” (s.v.) including the Gospel of Thomas, the so-called Gospel of Truth, and others

Gnosticism:
from Greek
gnōsis
(“knowledge”), a second-century religion pitting spirit against matter, considering the former good and the latter evil; precursors may be attested in the later NT (e.g., 1 Tim 6:20-21)

God-fearer:
Gentile (non-Jew) attracted to Jewish worship who participates in synagogue worship while not submitting to circumcision (s.v. also proselytes)

Good News Bible (GNB):
also known as Today's English Version (TEV), produced in 1978

Gospel of Mary (Magdalene):
second-century AD Gnostic Gospel falsely attributed to Mary Magdalene

Gospel of Peter:
apocryphal Gospel falsely attributed to the apostle Peter, most likely dated to the second half of the second century AD

Gospel of Philip:
apocryphal Gospel falsely attributed to the apostle Philip, most likely dated to the second half of the second century AD

Gospel of Thomas:
late second-century AD Gnostic Gospel, falsely attributed to the apostle Thomas, found in the Nag Hammadi library in Egypt

Gospel tradition:
oral and/or written material underlying the written Gospels (s.v. also Synoptic tradition)

Greco-Roman:
pertaining to Greek and Roman culture

Greek:
lingua franca
of the first-century world and original language of the NT

Gregory
of
Nazianzus
(c. AD
329—390):
major theologian, one of the Cappadocian Fathers, and author
of Five Theological Orations

Gregory the Great:
also known as Pope Gregory I (AD 590—604), one of the four great Latin Fathers of the church together with Ambrose, Augustine, and Jerome

Griesbach (or Two-Gospel) Hypothesis:
the view, named after the German scholar J. J. Griesbach, that Matthew and Luke wrote first and Mark used both of these earlier Gospels

Hades:
the abode of the dead awaiting final judgment

Halakhah (halakhic):
Jewish body of law regulating all aspects of life

Hanina ben Dosa:
first-century AD miracle worker and student of the Jewish rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai

hapax legomenon
(pl.
hapax legomena):
word occurring only once in a given piece of writing

hasid
(pl.
hasidim):
Hb. “pious” or “righteous”; a Jewish religious party mentioned in 1 Maccabees that emerged during the Maccabean period (s.v. Maccabees)

Hasmoneans:
Jewish ruling dynasty established during the Maccabean period

Hebrew:
ancient Near Eastern language spoken by the Jewish people and original language of the OT

Hegelian:
pertaining to the thought of the German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who posited that history progressed along the course of a dialectic from thesis to antithesis to synthesis

Hegesippus (c. AD 110—180):
second-century AD chronicler of the history of the church who wrote against the Gnostics

Hellenism:
Greek culture

Hellespont:
the ancient term for a narrow strait now known as the Dardanelles dividing the Balkans from Asia Minor

hendiadys:
two nouns linked by conjunction to express a single concept or idea

Herod:
this may refer to the head of the Herodian dynasty, Herod the Great (37—4 BC) or one or his descendants, such as his sons Archelaus (s.v. Herod Archelaus), Antipas (s.v. Herod Antipas), and Philip

Herod Antipas:
tetrarch of Galilee and Perea (4 BC-AD 39)

Herod Archelaus:
one of the sons of Herod the Great (s.v.) who was ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea (4 BC-AD 6)

Herod the Great:
s.v. Herod

Hilary of Poitiers (c. AD 315-368):
most respected Latin theologian of his day in the West; wrote major work on the Trinity

Hippolytus of Rome (c. AD 170-236):
presbyter of the church at Rome and prolific author of works such as
Refutation of All Heresies
and
Antichrist

historical Jesus:
the product of scholarly research into the background of the person of Jesus Christ

historicist:
approach to the interpretation of the book of Revelation according to which John's visions forecast the course of history in Western Europe with particular emphasis on popes, kings, and wars

historiography:
a particular approach to writing history

history-of-religions school:
approach that views history primarily in terms of the evolution of human religious consciousness and uses a comparative-religions approach seeking to understand Judaism and Christianity in relation to other ancient religions

Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB):
English Bible translation published in 2004

Homer:
ninth- or eight-century BC classic Greek epic poet; author of
The Iliad
and
The Odyssey

homiletical midrash:
interpretation of biblical text in preaching

homolegoumena:
NT books widely recognized as authoritative in Eusebius's day (c. AD 260-340)

hook word:
word at the beginning of a paragraph repeated from the end of the preceding paragraph linking two units together

Horace:
first-century BC Roman poet; author of
Odes
or
Carmina

hyperbaton:
departure from normal word order for emphasis or effect

hyperbole:
exaggeration for rhetorical effect

idealist:
approach to the interpretation of the book of Revelation according to which the book symbolically portrays the spiritual and timeless nature of the battle between good and evil

Ignatius of Antioch (c. AD 35—110):
bishop of Antioch and early church father who wrote letters to the Ephesians, Magnesians, Philadelphians, and others

Immanuel:
Hb. meaning “God with us”; identification of Jesus in Matt 1:23 alluding to Isa 7:14

imperial cult:
s.v. emperor cult

inclusio:
an ancient literary device bracketing a section by placing one and the same word or phrase at the beginning and at the end of that section

inclusio
of eyewitness testimony:
the literary practice of indicating the major eyewitness source of an account by featuring this person as the first and the last named character in the narrative

inerrancy:
the doctrine affirming Scripture to be free from error

inspiration:
the doctrine of God's determinative spiritual influence on the writers of Scripture resulting in an inerrant Bible

internal evidence:
data derived from a given document itself (in contrast to external evidence, s.v.)

interpolation:
insertion of text

inviolate:
prohibition against altering the text of Scripture either by adding or by taking away (e.g., Rev 22:18-19)

ipsissima verba:
exact words

ipsissima vox:
exact voice, true sense

Irenaeus of Lyons (c. AD 130—200):
bishop of Lyons, France, and early church father who wrote the important work
Against Heresies
refuting Gnosticism

isocolon:
succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding structure

Jerome (c. AD 345-420):
fourth-century AD church father and translator of the Lat. Vulgate (s.v.)

Jerusalem Bible:
Roman Catholic translation of the Bible published in 1966

Jerusalem Council:
traditional designation for meeting of leaders in the early church in Jerusalem as narrated in Acts 15

Jerusalem Talmud:
also called Palestinian Talmud; a collection of Jewish rabbinic traditions consisting of the Mishnah (c. AD 200) and the Gemara (in two versions, dated c. AD 350-400 and 500, respectively)

“Jesus of faith”:
Jesus as the object of the early church's faith in distinction from Jesus during his earthly ministry (a distinction upheld by the German scholars Martin Kähler, Rudolf Bultmann, and others)

“Jesus of history”:
s.v. historical Jesus

Jesus, Mara bar Serapion:
non-Christian man in a Syrian prison who wrote a letter to his son in the first or second century AD, making mention of “the Jews…executing their wise King,” a possible reference to Jesus outside the Bible

Jesus Seminar:
group of scholars engaged in a critical “quest for the historical Jesus” (s.v.) and typically arriving at negative conclusions regarding the historicity of the information regarding Jesus in the four canonical Gospels

Jewish mysticism:
s.v. merkabah mysticism

Jewish War:
usually refers to the first Jewish-Roman war (AD 66—73) during which Jerusalem and the temple were destroyed

Johannine:
related to (the apostle) John (s.v. also Johannine corpus)

Johannine comma:
embellishment of 1 John 5:7 not found in any Greek manuscript prior to the Reformation period; s.v. also Codex Montfortianus

Johannine corpus:
body of John's writings included in the Bible (i.e., Gospel of John, 1-3 John, Revelation)

John Chrysostom (“gold-mouthed”; c. AD 347-407):
archbishop of Constantinople and Christian preacher and writer; best known for his
Homilies