The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown (208 page)

Augustinian view of the Synoptic Problem (s.v.):
belief that the Gospels were written in the canonical order Matthew first, then Mark, and then Luke, with Mark using Matthew, and Luke using Matthew and Mark; some question whether Augustine actually held this view

Augustus:
Roman emperor who ruled in 31/27 BC-AD 14

Authorized Version (AV):
s.v. King James Version

autographs:
the original OT and NT manuscripts

“Babylon”:
code name for the Roman Empire (e.g., 1 Pet 5:13)

Babylonian Talmud:
s.v. Talmud

Bar Kokhba revolt:
Jewish rebellion against the Romans (AD 132-135)

Basil of Caesarea (c. AD 330-379):
fourth-century AD church father

Basilides (c. AD 117—138):
second-century gnostic teacher

Book of Life:
metaphorical depiction of a heavenly record of all who have received eternal life by faith in the Lord Jesus Christ (see Rev 20:12)

British Museum Codex:
OT manuscript (AD 950)

Byzantine text type:
also called the Majority Text, text form found in the majority of biblical manuscripts that also underlies the Textus Receptus translation (e.g., KJV)

Caesar:
title of Roman emperors, harking back to Julius Caesar (born 100 BC and served as virtual dictator
46—44
BC, assassinated in
44
BC by Brutus and others in the Senate)

Caiaphas, Joseph:
Jewish high priest (c. AD 18—36) in the year of Jesus' crucifixion

Cairo Geniza:
OT manuscript (AD 895)

Caligula:
Roman emperor (AD 37-41)

canon:
from
kanōn
(“rule” or “standard”); collection of Christian Scriptures

“Canonical Edition” of the NT:
theory by D. Trobisch according to which the NT was produced by the mid-second century AD as a published book by a canonical editor

canonicity:
a book's status as to its inclusion in the collection of Christian Scriptures

Cassiodorus:
sixth-century AD Roman statesman and writer who served in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths

catholic:
universal; later used for the Roman Catholic Church

centurion:
Roman military official, from Lat. meaning “commander of 100”

Cephas:
Aramaic name for the Greek name Peter (both mean “rock”; see Matt 16:18; John 1:42)

Cerinthianism:
early Christian heresy attributed to Cerinthus, a gnostic teacher who held that the “Christ spirit” descended on Jesus at his baptism and left him at the cross

Cerinthus:
s.v. Cerinthianism

chain quotations:
s.v. pearl stringing

Chaldean:
Babylonian

chiasm:
from name of Greek letter χ; cross-wise arrangement of phrases in such a way that the second expression is in reverse order than the first (A B B' A')

chiliasm:
the belief in the millennial (thousand-year) reign of Christ

Christ:
from Greek
Christos
(“anointed”); equivalent to Hebrew “Messiah” (s.v.)

Christology:
doctrine of (Jesus) Christ

Christophany:
(preincarnate) appearance of Christ

Chrysostom:
s.v. John Chrysostom

Church Fathers:
church leaders, writers, and theologians of the first few centuries of the Christian era (s.v. also patristic)

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (born 65 BC):
first-century BC Roman statesman and philosopher

Claudius:
Roman emperor (AD 41—54); s.v. also Edict of Claudius

Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 150-215):
early church father and member of the Alexandrian school; author of
Stromateis
(“Miscellanies”)

Clement of Rome:
bishop of Rome and author of 1
Clement
(c. AD 96)

codex:
the ancient equivalent of a book, consisting of sheets bound together

Codex Alexandrinus:
fifth-century AD manuscript of the Greek Bible, containing most of the Septuagint and NT

Codex Babylonicus Petropalitanus:
OT manuscript (AD 1008)

Codex Bezae:
fifth-/sixth-century AD biblical manuscript

Codex Montfortianus (Britanicus):
late manuscript used by Erasmus in the third edition of his Greek NT published in 1522 that contains the “Johannine comma” in 1 John 5:7, almost certainly a later addition not found in the original manuscript

Codex Sinaiticus:
fourth-century AD manuscript containing the Christian Bible in Greek, including the complete NT

Codex Vaticanus:
fourth-century AD Greek manuscript containing most of the Septuagint and NT

Colossian heresy:
unique eclectic mix of false teachings prevalent in first-century Colossae (see esp. Colossians 2)

composition criticism:
method of study focusing on documents (such as the NT Gospels) as a whole and seeking to identify patterns and emphases

conflation:
the merging of two or more elements into one

Coptic:
last stage of written Egyptian language

corpus:
body of writings (e.g., Pauline or Johannine corpus)

Corpus Hermeticum or Hermetic corpus:
ancient group of writings harking back to the mythological Greek messenger of the gods, Hermes, that is gnostic (if not occult) in character

Council of Carthage:
s.v. Third Council of Carthage

Council of Hippo Regius:
meeting of church leaders in North Africa (AD 393)

Council of Laodicea:
local meeting of bishops (AD 363—64)

Council of Nicea:
first ecumenical council convened by the Roman emperor Constantine I in Nicea, Bithynia, which is modern Turkey (AD 325)

Council of Trent:
Roman Catholic ecclesiastical gathering that convened between 1545 and 1563 as part of the Counter-Reformation, an effort to push back the effects of the Protestant Reformation (s.v. Reformation)

covenant:
(sacred) contract

covenant community:
group of people whose existence is based on an agreement with God through a covenant (s.v.)

covenantal nomism:
s.v. nomism

Coverdale Bible:
translation of the Bible produced by Miles Coverdale (1535)

Cynic philosophy:
set of beliefs holding that a virtuous life was to be lived in accordance with nature and free from the bondage to material possessions

Cyril of Jerusalem (c. AD 315-387):
fourth-century AD church father and author of
Catecheses

Damascus:
ancient and modern capital of Syria (s.v.)

Damasus:
fourth-century AD bishop (considered pope by the Roman Catholic Church) who commissioned Jerome to translate the Bible into Latin, now called the Vulgate (s.v.)

Day of Atonement:
Yom Kippur
, the most sacred holiday in the Jewish calendar (see Leviticus 16; s.v. atonement)

Day of the Lord:
time of final divine judgment predicted by the OT prophets

deacon:
from
diakonos
(“servant”); NT nonteaching, nongoverning church office (see 1 Tim 3:8-12)

deaconess:
female deacon (s.v. deacon; see 1 Tim 3:11; Rom 16:1)

Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS):
a body of Jewish sectarian literature found near the Dead Sea in the years following 1947, including the
Community Rule
(1QS), the
War Scroll
(1QM), and the
Damascus Document
(CD)

Decalogue:
the Ten Commandments (see Exodus 20; Deuteronomy 5)

Decapolis:
from
deka
(“ten”) and
polis
(“city”), a group of 10 cities in the territory of Syria, Jordan, and Palestine bound together by a common location, language, and culture (including Gerasa, Gadara, Pella, Scythopolis, and Damascus)

Deism:
belief that there is a God who created the universe but does not interfere with it

deliberative rhetoric:
any communication arguing for or against a contemplated future action

Delphi Inscription:
inscription in the ancient Greek city of Delphi supposedly containing the maxims “know yourself” and “nothing in excess”

Deutero-Pauline:
not authentically Pauline, that is, writing falsely or traditionally attributed to the apostle Paul

Diaspora:
for “dispersion,” the scattering of Jews beyond the region of Palestine subsequent to the Assyrian and Babylonian exiles

Diatessaron:
Greek “through four,” name for the first-known synopsis of the Gospels compiled by the church father Tatian (c. AD 150-160)

Didache:
church manual from the late first or early second century AD providing information about early church practice regarding the administration of baptism, the Lord's Supper, etc.

Didymus the Blind (c. AD 313—389):
ecclesiastical writer and leader of a famous catechetical school in Alexandria, Egypt

Dio Cassius:
noted third-century AD Roman historian and public servant who published a multivolume history of Rome

Dio Chrysostom:
first-century AD Greek orator (not to be confused with the fourth-century AD bishop John Chrysostom of Antioch)

Diocletian:
Roman Emperor (AD 284—305) who launched a major persecution against Christians (AD 302-3)

Dionysius:
Greek god of wine

Dionysius bar Salibi:
twelfth-century Syrian bishop

Dionysius of Alexandria:
mid-third-century AD bishop of Alexandria

Dionysius of Corinth:
second-century AD bishop of Corinth

disciple Jesus loved, the:
Johannine epithet for the disciple closest to Jesus during his earthly ministry (see John 13:23) who was also the author of John's Gospel (21:20,24); traditionally identified as John, the son of Zebedee

discourse:
linguistic units composed of several sentences

discourse analysis:
academic discipline devoted to the analysis of discourses (s.v. discourse)

dispensationalism:
theological system dividing salvation history into distinct periods (called “dispensations”); falling into classic, revised, and progressive dispensationalism

Dispersion:
s.v. Diaspora

ditheism:
belief in two gods

docetism:
from
dokeō
(“to seem”); the teaching that Jesus only
appeared to
be human

Domitian:
Roman emperor (AD 81-96)

doxology:
from
doxa
(“glory”) and
logos
(“word” or “saying”); a short statement or hymn in praise of God

early Catholicism:
second-century AD formation of orthodox doctrine, ecclesiastical authority, and three-tiered church leadership structure

early Christian Gentile mission:
the Christian outreach to non-Jews narrated in the book of Acts

Eastern Church:
part of the worldwide church that gravitated toward the Eastern Empire at Constantinople and the patriarchate there; distinct from the Western Church (s.v.)

Eastern manuscripts:
copies of the Bible from the Eastern Church (s.v.) including the Peshitta (s.v.)

Eastern Orthodox Church:
distinct from the Roman Catholic Church, which was centered in the West; an ecclesiastical body tracing its origin back to apostolic times and consisting of national bodies such as the Russian or the Greek Orthodox Church

Ecclesiastical History:
famous work by Eusebius (s.v.) in which he referred to many no longer extant works of early church fathers, such as Papias (s.v.)

ecclesiastical usage:
criterion of canonicity stressing the widespread use of a given NT document in the early church

ecclesiology:
doctrine of the church

echo(es):
portions of text resonating with antecedent texts in forms less conspicuous than allusions; while allusions are deliberate, echoes may or may not be intended by the author

eclectic:
approach to the book of Revelation that seeks to combine elements of the preterist, historicist, idealist, and futurist interpretations

Edict of Claudius:
decree by the Roman Emperor Claudius in AD 49 expelling the Jews from Rome; mentioned in Acts 18:2 (s.v. Claudius)

egalitarian:
pertaining to the belief in men's and women's equal right to positions of leadership, including the church offices of pastor and elder

elder:
originally referring to an older man, the term also refers to the governing and teaching office of the NT church occupied by a plurality of men (e.g., 1 Tim 3:1—7; 4:14; 5:17)

election:
biblical doctrine that God chose certain individuals to salvation

ellipsis:
deliberate omission of one or more words of a sentence

emperor cult:
worship of the Roman emperor as a god

end time:
the period inaugurated by the coming of the Messiah, Jesus Christ, which will be consummated at his return or the Second Coming; also referred to as “the last days”

English Standard Version (ESV):
revision of the Revised Standard Version published in 2001

Enlightenment, the:
an intellectual movement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries advocating the primacy of reason as the basis of authority

Epicureanism:
philosophy based on the teachings of Epicurus (c. 341—c. 270 BC), a form of hedonism holding pleasure to be the supreme human good and teaching the pursuit of a virtuous and temperate life so one can enjoy life's simple pleasures

epideictic rhetoric:
type of speech assigning praise or blame

Epiphanius of Salamis (c. AD 315-403):
fourth-century AD church father and author of
Refutation of All the Heresies
(also known as
Panarion)

epiphany:
revelation; from
epiphaneia
(“appearing”), one of the technical terms for the second coming of Christ (s.v. also
parousia)