The Crimean War (88 page)

Failly, Gen Pierre Louis de
Fatima Khanum (Kurdish leader)
Fedorov, Colonel, first Inkerman attacks
Fenton, Roger (war photographer)
Men of the 68th Regiment in Winter Dress (1855)
Valley of the Shadow of Death
Fergusson, Robert Cutlar
Fet, Afanasy
Finland, Palmerston’s plans for
Finn, James (British consul in Jerusalem)
First World War
Flagstaff Bastion (Sevastopol)
Fliedner, Pastor Theodor, nursing principles
food supply: British and French compared
cantinières
Soyer and British army catering
Foreign Quarterly Review (journal)
Forrest, Maj William (4th Dragoons)
Fort Nicholas (Sevastopol), destroyed by French
Fossati, Gaspare & Giuseppe (architects): attempt to interest Tsar Nicholas in mosaics Byzantine mozaics Hagia Sophia renovation
Fould, Achille
Four Points for Peace: agreed by Western powers as defined in Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum Napoleon’s alternatives Paris Peace Congress (1856) and secret fifth point
France: advisers to the Ottomans agrees to invasion of the Crimea anti-Russian propaganda anti-war feelings among people backs down and signs London Convention (1841) Bessarabia/ Moldavia border dispute the ‘clerical (Ultramontane) party’ concerns about the war (1855) conquest of Algeria contact with St Petersburg (Nov. 1855) counter-revolution preparedness crushes Roman Republic (1849) Czartoryski and Polish émigrés decision to send fleet to Turkey (1853) declaration of War on Russia (1854) direct talks with Russians dispute with Russia over the Holy Land fall of Sevastopol Falloux Law (1850) fleet moved to Besika Bay (Dardanelles) fleet on war footing (1853) the Four Points and Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum to Russia help to modernize Russian fleet humiliation by Russia (1812) remembered influence of the ‘Testament of Peter the Great’ investment in Egypt Jerusalem consulate July Monarchy (Louis Philippe) ‘Malakoff’ remembered national consciousness and the Crimea negotiations with Austria network of informers no help to Ottomans against Egypt (1833) Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace initiative (1853) a possible threat to peace (1851) pre-eminent power in Europe proposes Continental war to liberate Poland protests regarding the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi rapprochement with Russia reactions to the war (winter 1854 – 55) response to Sinope (1853) returns the Pope to Rome revolution (1848) Russian grievances search for peace with Russia Second Empire (1852) Second Republic established secret treaty with Austria seeks alliance with Britain seeks alliance with Britain and Russia seen as enemy by Tsar Nicholas Serpent Island incident suffering as result of the war support for Mehmet Ali’s insurrection against the Sultan (1839) support for Poland territorial ambitions (Nice and Savoy) Third Republic trains Mehmet Ali’s army and navy Triple Alliance (1856) Tsar Nicholas’ plans for containment ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas unable to help Ottomans (1783) unhappy with Palmerston’s plans war with Austria (1859) war memorials war with Prussia (1870)
see also
Anglo-French alliance
Franco- British ultimatum to Russia (1854)
Franks, Sgt-Maj Henry (5th Dragoons)
Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary
Fratja
(Romanian secret society)
Frederick William IV, King of Prussia
French army: at Varna mutiny at Varna camp opinion of the British opinion of Turkish soldiers atrocities alleged in Kerch cholera, scurvy and typhus drinking entertainments expeditionary force to Dubrudja food and equipment for sea travel Generals not ready to press on to Sevastopol medical auxiliaries (
soldats panseurs
) medical facilities and treatment officers and men question the war officers (winter 1854 – 55) other ranks letters home senior partner in Crimea training and experience uniforms Varna to Evpatoria march to Alma at Alma looting siege of Sevastopol at Balaklava at Inkerman desecration of church of St Vladimir de Lourmel’s Brigade in Sevastopol cost of victory at Inkerman desertions better provided for than British in winter (1854 – 55) fraternization with Russian troops rumours of strikes and revolution attacks on Mamelon and Malakhov bastion examples of low morale and combat stress Chernaia river battle Malakhov victory
French army,
regiments
: 1st (General Canrobert’s) Division 2nd (General Bosquet’s) Division 3rd (Prince Napoleon’s) Division Chasseurs d’Afrique Spahis d’Orient 20th Regiment 22nd Regiment 95th Regiment 97th Regiment surprise attacks on Russian outworkings Zouave regiments
French navy: advanced to the Aegean (1853) compared to Russian and Turkish navies fleet moved to Besika Bay (1849) Kerch raid (1855) on war footing (1853)
Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia
Friends of Poland, Associations, in Britain
Froment, François-Marie de,
Observations sur la Russie
Fuad Efendi (Ottoman commissioner in Bucharest)
Fuad Pasha (Tanzimat reformer), and the Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Gage, Capt (
later
Lt-Col) Edward RA (Raglan’s Staff): at Alma at Sevastopol
Gallipoli, first landing of Allied force
Ganja khanate (Elizavetopol)
Garibaldi, Giuseppe: conquest of Naples Polish uprising (1861) and Redshirts
Gaskell, Elizabeth,
North and South
Gaza, riots and attacks on Christians
Gazi Muhammed (son of Imam Shamil)
Georgia British gun-running campaign against Muslims debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Imam Shamil’s attacks Palmerston’s plans for proposed attack by Indian Army
see also
Caucasus
Germans, new settlers in the Crimea
Germany: Czartoryski’s plan for 1848 revolutions source of mercenary soldiers Three Emperors’ League (1873) united by Bismarck Verney’s plan
Ghazi Muhammad, Imam
Ghica, Alexander, Prince of Wallachia
Giffard, Captain Henry Wells RN
Gilbert, John
Her Majesty the Queen Inspecting the Wounded Coldstream Guards …
Gilbert, Michel (French officer)
Ginka, Gen V. A., supply system reforms
Giray dynasty (Crimean Khanate)
Giubbenet, Khristian (professor of surgery)
Giurgevo, Turkish atrocity
Gladstone, William Ewart campaigns for intervention in the Balkans problems with defence of Muslims resignation (1855)
Gleichen, Admiral Victor, Count Gleichen
Golden Horde
Golev, General (Russian infantry), in the Redan
Gorchakov, Prince Alexander becomes Foreign Minister Black Sea clauses of Paris Treaty annulled objects to Piedmont based revolution realpolitik Serpent Island incident and other claims support for Serbs uncertain about Central Asia expansion warns Serbia not to interfere in Balkan revolts
Gorchakov, General Mikhail: Danubian front raises siege of Silistria response to refugee problem withdrawal from Bucharest soldiers song siege of Sevastopol at Inkerman fearful of Austrian invasion secret memorandum on National Resistance major offensive ordered by Tsar attacks French and Sardinians at Chernaia river evacuation of Sevastopol orders destruction of Sevastopol state commemoration of
Gordon, Lt (
later
Gen) Charles
Gosse, Sir Edmund, recalls impact of war news
Gowing, Sgt Timothy (7th Royal Fuslrs)
Gözleve
Grach, Colonel, Silistria forts
Graham, Sir James (First Lord of the Admiralty): naval strategy resignation
Grantham, Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham (British Foreign Secretary)
Great Britain: attitudes towards soldiers (other ranks) pre and post War backs independent Greece bravery medals instituted for other ranks (1857) cabinet decisions over war aims Caucasus attack considered class divisions, possible end to conflicting views about invasion of the Crimea Congress of Berlin consulates in Belgrade, Braila and Ia
i creation of buffer states Cyprus Convention day of fasting and prayer (1854) decides to attack Crimea and Sevastopol Don Pacifico affair (1850) effect of Bulgarian atrocities English national identity in aftermath of war extension of franchise fears of Napoleonic revival in France fears regarding the ‘Russian threat’ Foreign Enlistment Bill (1855) Foreign Office experts warn against use of Muslim forces against Christians free press and public opinion government brought down by press and public criticism (1855) middle class ideals and professionalism negotiations with Austria not ready for peace after Sevastopol and Kars Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace initiative (1853) in Persia protest at Russian invasion of Turkestan public support for Hungarians reaction to fall of Sevastopol reaction to Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum reaction to Sinope news reactions to the death of the Tsar reasons for war relations with Ottoman Empire relations with the United States repudiates San Stefano Treaty response to Russo-Turkish war (1878) Romanian exiles Romanian revolution and (1848) Russian foreign policy and and Russian plans for Greece (1820s) Russian rivalry in Asia secret gun-running to the Caucasus seeks recognition for Victor Emmanuel sympathy for the Polish cause Triple Alliance (1856) Tsar Nicholas I visit to London (1844) ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas (1854) unhappy with Crimean Peace war memorials the ‘war party’
see also
Anglo-French alliance; British Army; Crimean War; Palmerston; Royal Navy; Russophobia
The Great Exhibition (London 1851)
The Great Game
Greece: autonomy recognized by Ottomans Catherine the Great and military alliance with Serbia Russian partition plans (1852) war dead Western powers unwilling to help
Greek independence: Russia’s part in
see also
Nationalism
‘Greek-Slavonic Legion’: in the Russian army
Greeks: nationalism new settlers in the Crimea in Odessa in Thessaly and Epirus
Gregory XVI, Pope
Griffith, Lt (23rd (Royal Welsh) Fuslrs), storming the Redan
Grimm, Baron Friedrich, Catherine the Great and
Guizot, François
gunboat diplomacy: British French
Gurowski, Adam, Count,
Russland und die Zivilisation

Hagia Sophia mosque (Constantinople) Byzantine mozaics discovered significance for Russia
Hall, Dr John (Principal medical officer), cautions against chloroform use
Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl
Hatt-i Hümayun decree (1856) drafted by Stratford Canning and Thouvenal violent opposition to
Hatt-i Sharif (1839)
Hauterive, Alexandre’
Hawthorne, Nathaniel,
English Notebooks
Henri Quatre
(French battleship), lost in hurricane (1854)
Herald
(newspaper)
Herat (Afghanistan)
Herbé, Capt Jean-Jules: abandoned horses and mules assault on the Malakhov Bastion letter from hospital letters home wounded at Chernaia river
Herbert, Elizabeth, Baroness (wife of Sidney Herbert)
Herbert, General George, Earl of Pembroke
Herbert, Pvt Harry (5th Dragoons)
Herbert, Sidney (Secretary of State for War) bronze statue added to Guards’ Memorial
Herzegovina pan-Slav movement and promised to Austria-Hungary revolts by Christians
Herzen, Alexander, publishes ‘Tolstoy’s’ song
Heytesbury, William à Court, 1st Baron Heytesbury
Higginson, Capt (
later
Gen) George (Grenadier Gds), at Inkerman
Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria & Prussia)
Holy Land: an extension of Holy Russia French dispute with Russia pilgrims rivalry between Catholic and Orthodox Christians Tsar Nicholas I and
Holy Places: commencement of war and Paris Peace Congress (1856) and religious rights for Catholics religious rights for Orthodox Christians
Hornby, Lady Emily
Howlett, Robert, photographs of wounded soldiers
Hübner, Joseph Alexander, Baron
Hudson, Sir James
Hughes, Thomas:
Tom Brown at Oxford
Tom Brown’s Schooldays
Hungarian army, Polish officers
Hungarians, in Kars
Hungary, 1848 – 49 revolution
Hyde, Pvt Edward, at Inkerman
Hyder Pasha Hospital