The Crimean War (84 page)
Authors: Orlando Figes
Tags: #History, #Military, #General, #Europe, #Other, #Russia & the Former Soviet Union, #Crimean War; 1853-1856
CHAPTER 12. PARIS AND THE NEW ORDER
1
E. Gourdon,
Histoire du Congrès de Paris
(Paris, 1857), pp. 479–82.
Histoire du Congrès de Paris
(Paris, 1857), pp. 479–82.
2
W. Baumgart,
The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking
(Oxford, 1981), p. 104.
The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking
(Oxford, 1981), p. 104.
3
P. Schroeder,
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert
(Ithaca, NY, 1972), p. 347; BLMD, Add. MS
48579
, Palmerston to Clarendon, 25 Feb. 1856.
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert
(Ithaca, NY, 1972), p. 347; BLMD, Add. MS
48579
, Palmerston to Clarendon, 25 Feb. 1856.
4
Schroeder,
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War
, p. 348; W. Echard,
Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe
(Baton Rouge, La., 1983), p. 59.
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War
, p. 348; W. Echard,
Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe
(Baton Rouge, La., 1983), p. 59.
5
FO 78/1170, Stratford Canning to Clarendon, 9 Jan. 1856; Baumgart,
The Peace of Paris 1856
, pp. 128–30.
The Peace of Paris 1856
, pp. 128–30.
6
Ibid., pp. 140–41; BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 4 Mar. 1856; M. Kukiel,
Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861
(Princeton, 1955), p. 302.
Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861
(Princeton, 1955), p. 302.
7
Gourdon,
Histoire
, pp. 523–5.
Histoire
, pp. 523–5.
8
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5917, 11. 1–2; J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 402; BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 402; BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.
9
NAM 1968–07–380–65 (Codrington letter, 15 July 1856).
10
The Times
, 26 July 1856.
, 26 July 1856.
11
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5838, 11. 10–12; NAM 6807–375–16 (Vote of thanks to Codrington, undated).
12
M. Kozelsky, ‘Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War’,
Slavic Review
, 67/4 (2008), pp. 866–91.
Slavic Review
, 67/4 (2008), pp. 866–91.
13
M. Kozelsky,
Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond
(De Kalb, Ill., 2010), p. 153. For more on the statistics of the emigration, see A. Fisher, ‘Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years after the Crimean War’,
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
, 35/3 (1987), pp. 356–71. The highest recent estimate is ‘at least 300,000’, in J. McCarthy,
Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922
(Princeton, 1995), p. 17.
Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond
(De Kalb, Ill., 2010), p. 153. For more on the statistics of the emigration, see A. Fisher, ‘Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years after the Crimean War’,
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
, 35/3 (1987), pp. 356–71. The highest recent estimate is ‘at least 300,000’, in J. McCarthy,
Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922
(Princeton, 1995), p. 17.
14
Kozelsky,
Christianizing Crimea
, p. 151.
Christianizing Crimea
, p. 151.
15
Ibid., p. 155; A. Fisher,
Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars
(Istanbul, 1998), p. 127.
Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars
(Istanbul, 1998), p. 127.
16
BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.
17
FO 195/562, ‘Report on the Political and Military State of the Turkish Frontier in Asia’, 16 Nov. 1857; FO 97/424, Dickson to Russell, 17 Mar. 1864;
Papers Respecting Settlement of Circassian Emigrants in Turkey, 1863–64
(London, 1864).
Papers Respecting Settlement of Circassian Emigrants in Turkey, 1863–64
(London, 1864).
18
McCarthy,
Death and Exile
, pp. 35–6.
Death and Exile
, pp. 35–6.
19
FO 78/1172, Stratford to Clarendon, 31 Jan. 1856;
Journal de Constantinople
, 4 Feb. 1856; Lady E. Hornby,
Constantinople during the Crimean War
(London, 1863), pp. 205–8; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), p. 290; D. Blaisdell,
European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire
(New York, 1929), p. 74.
Journal de Constantinople
, 4 Feb. 1856; Lady E. Hornby,
Constantinople during the Crimean War
(London, 1863), pp. 205–8; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), p. 290; D. Blaisdell,
European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire
(New York, 1929), p. 74.
20
Badem, ‘The Ottomans’, pp. 291–2.
21
Ibid., pp. 281–3; R. Davison, ‘Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian–Muslim Equality in the 19th Century’,
American Historical Review
, 59 (1953–4), pp. 862–3.
American Historical Review
, 59 (1953–4), pp. 862–3.
22
Ibid., p. 861.
23
FO 195/524, Finn to Clarendon, 10, 11, 14 and 29 Apr., 2 May, 6 June 1856; 13 Feb. 1857; E. Finn (ed.),
Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856
, 2 vols. (London 1878), vol. 2, pp. 424–40.
Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856
, 2 vols. (London 1878), vol. 2, pp. 424–40.
24
Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey
, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 2, p. 119; FO 78/1171, Stratford to Porte, 23 Dec. 1856.
, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 2, p. 119; FO 78/1171, Stratford to Porte, 23 Dec. 1856.
25
FO 195/524, Finn to Stratford, 22 July 1857; Finn,
Stirring Times
, vol. 2, pp. 448–9.
Stirring Times
, vol. 2, pp. 448–9.
26
See H. Wood, ‘The Treaty of Paris and Turkey’s Status in International Law’,
American Journal of International Law
, 37/2 (Apr. 1943), pp. 262–74.
American Journal of International Law
, 37/2 (Apr. 1943), pp. 262–74.
27
W. Mosse,
The Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, 1855–1871: The Story of the Peace Settlement
(London, 1963), p. 40.
The Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, 1855–1871: The Story of the Peace Settlement
(London, 1963), p. 40.
28
BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 7 Aug. 1856; Mosse,
The Rise and Fall
, pp. 55 ff.
The Rise and Fall
, pp. 55 ff.
29
Ibid., p. 93.
30
G. Thurston, ‘The Italian War of 1859 and the Reorientation of Russian Foreign Policy’,
Historical Journal
, 20/1 (Mar. 1977), pp. 125–6.
Historical Journal
, 20/1 (Mar. 1977), pp. 125–6.
31
C. Cavour,
Il carteggio Cavour-Nigra dal 1858 al 1861: A cura della R. Commissione Editrice
, 4 vols. (Bologna, 1926), vol. 1, p. 116.
Il carteggio Cavour-Nigra dal 1858 al 1861: A cura della R. Commissione Editrice
, 4 vols. (Bologna, 1926), vol. 1, p. 116.
32
Mosse,
The Rise and Fall
, p. 121.
The Rise and Fall
, p. 121.
33
K. Cook, ‘Russia, Austria and the Question of Italy, 1859–1862’,
International History Review
, 2/4 (Oct. 1980), pp. 542–65; FO 65/574, Napier to Russell, 13 Mar. 1861.
International History Review
, 2/4 (Oct. 1980), pp. 542–65; FO 65/574, Napier to Russell, 13 Mar. 1861.
34
A. J. P. Taylor,
The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918
(Oxford, 1955), p. 85.
The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918
(Oxford, 1955), p. 85.
35
A. Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 67; A. Kelly,
Toward Another Shore: Russian Thinkers between Necessity and Chance
(New Haven, 1998), p. 41.
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 67; A. Kelly,
Toward Another Shore: Russian Thinkers between Necessity and Chance
(New Haven, 1998), p. 41.
36
Tolstoy’s Diaries
, vol. 1:
1847–1894
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), pp. 96–7.
, vol. 1:
1847–1894
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), pp. 96–7.
37
M. Vygon,
Krymskie stranitsy zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo
(Simferopol, 1978), pp. 29–30, 45–6; H. Troyat,
Tolstoy
(London, 1970), p. 168.
Krymskie stranitsy zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo
(Simferopol, 1978), pp. 29–30, 45–6; H. Troyat,
Tolstoy
(London, 1970), p. 168.
38
Kelly,
Toward Another Shore
, p. 41; Vygon,
Krymskie stranitsy
, p. 37.
Toward Another Shore
, p. 41; Vygon,
Krymskie stranitsy
, p. 37.
39
IRL, f. 57, op. 1, n. 7, 1. 16; RGIA, f. 914, op. 1, d. 68, 11. 1–2.
40
F. Dostoevskii,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, 30 vols. (Leningrad, 1972–88), vol. 18, p. 57.
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, 30 vols. (Leningrad, 1972–88), vol. 18, p. 57.
41
N. Danilov,
Istoricheskii ocherk razvitiia voennogo upravleniia v Rossii
(St Petersburg, 1902),
prilozhenie
5;
Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg.
(St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 136–7.
Istoricheskii ocherk razvitiia voennogo upravleniia v Rossii
(St Petersburg, 1902),
prilozhenie
5;
Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg.
(St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 136–7.
42
E. Brooks, ‘Reform in the Russian Army, 1856–1861’,
Slavic Review
, 43/1 (Spring 1984), pp. 66–78.
Slavic Review
, 43/1 (Spring 1984), pp. 66–78.
43
Quoted in J. Frank,
Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859
(London, 1983), p. 182.
Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859
(London, 1983), p. 182.
44
E. Steinberg, ‘Angliiskaia versiia o “russkoi ugroze” v XIX–XX vv’, in
Problemy metodologii i istochnikovedeniia istorii vneshnei politiki Rossii
,
sbornik statei
(Moscow, 1986), pp. 67–9; R. Shukla,
Britain, India and the Turkish Empire
,
1853–1882
(New Delhi, 1973), pp. 19–20;
The Politics of Autocracy: Letters of Alexander II to Prince A. I. Bariatinskii
, ed. A. Rieber (The Hague, 1966), pp. 74–81.
Problemy metodologii i istochnikovedeniia istorii vneshnei politiki Rossii
,
sbornik statei
(Moscow, 1986), pp. 67–9; R. Shukla,
Britain, India and the Turkish Empire
,
1853–1882
(New Delhi, 1973), pp. 19–20;
The Politics of Autocracy: Letters of Alexander II to Prince A. I. Bariatinskii
, ed. A. Rieber (The Hague, 1966), pp. 74–81.
45
M. Petrovich,
The Emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856–1870
(New York, 1956), pp. 117–18.
The Emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856–1870
(New York, 1956), pp. 117–18.
46
D. MacKenzie, ‘Russia’s Balkan Policies under Alexander II, 1855–1881’, in H. Ragsdale (ed.),
Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
(Cambridge, 1993), pp. 223–6.
Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
(Cambridge, 1993), pp. 223–6.
47
Ibid., pp. 227–8.
48
Lord P. Kinross,
Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
(London, 1977), p. 509.
Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
(London, 1977), p. 509.
49
A. Saab,
Reluctant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria, and the Working Classes, 1856–1878
(Cambridge, Mass., 1991), pp. 65–7.
Reluctant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria, and the Working Classes, 1856–1878
(Cambridge, Mass., 1991), pp. 65–7.
50
Ibid., p. 231.
51
F. Dostoevsky,
A Writer’s Diary
, trans. K. Lantz, 2 vols. (London, 1995), vol. 2, pp. 899–900.
A Writer’s Diary
, trans. K. Lantz, 2 vols. (London, 1995), vol. 2, pp. 899–900.
52
Taylor,
The Struggle for Mastery in Europe
, p. 253;
The Times
, 17 July 1878.
The Struggle for Mastery in Europe
, p. 253;
The Times
, 17 July 1878.
53
Finn,
Stirring Times
, vol. 2, p. 452.
Stirring Times
, vol. 2, p. 452.
54
FO 195/524, Finn to Canning, 29 Apr. 1856.
EPILOGUE
1
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 11 and 13 Mar.
2
T. Margrave, ‘Numbers & Losses in the Crimea: An Introduction. Part Three: Other Nations’,
War Correspondent
, 21/3 (2003), pp. 18–22.
War Correspondent
, 21/3 (2003), pp. 18–22.
3
R. Burns,
John Bell: The Sculptor’s Life and Works
(Kirstead, 1999), pp. 54–5.
John Bell: The Sculptor’s Life and Works
(Kirstead, 1999), pp. 54–5.
4
T. Pakenham,
The Boer War
(London, 1979), p. 201.
The Boer War
(London, 1979), p. 201.
5
N. Hawthorne,
The English Notebooks, 1853–1856
(Columbus, Oh., 1997), p. 149.
The English Notebooks, 1853–1856
(Columbus, Oh., 1997), p. 149.
6
‘Florence Nightingale’,
Punch
, 29 (1855), p. 225.
Punch
, 29 (1855), p. 225.
7
S. Markovits,
The Crimean War in the British Imagination
(Cambridge, 2009), p. 68; J. Bratton, ‘Theatre of War: The Crimea on the London Stage 1854–55’, in D. Brady, L. James and B. Sharatt (eds.),
Performance and Politics in Popular Drama: Aspects of Popular Entertainment in Theatre, Film and Television 1800–1976
(Cambridge, 1980), p. 134.
The Crimean War in the British Imagination
(Cambridge, 2009), p. 68; J. Bratton, ‘Theatre of War: The Crimea on the London Stage 1854–55’, in D. Brady, L. James and B. Sharatt (eds.),
Performance and Politics in Popular Drama: Aspects of Popular Entertainment in Theatre, Film and Television 1800–1976
(Cambridge, 1980), p. 134.
8
M. Bostridge,
Florence Nightingale: The Woman and Her Legend
(London, 2008), pp. 523–4, 528; M. Poovey, ‘A Housewifely Woman: The Social Construction of Florence Nightingale’, in id.,
Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Victorian Fiction
(London, 1989), pp. 164–98.
Florence Nightingale: The Woman and Her Legend
(London, 2008), pp. 523–4, 528; M. Poovey, ‘A Housewifely Woman: The Social Construction of Florence Nightingale’, in id.,
Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Victorian Fiction
(London, 1989), pp. 164–98.
9
W. Knollys,
The Victoria Cross in the Crimea
(London, 1877), p. 3.
The Victoria Cross in the Crimea
(London, 1877), p. 3.
10
S. Beeton,
Our Soldiers and the Victoria Cross: A General Account of the Regiments and Men of the British Army: And Stories of the Brave Deeds which Won the Prize ‘For Valour’
(London, n.d.), p. vi.
Our Soldiers and the Victoria Cross: A General Account of the Regiments and Men of the British Army: And Stories of the Brave Deeds which Won the Prize ‘For Valour’
(London, n.d.), p. vi.
11
Markovits,
The Crimean War
, p. 70.
The Crimean War
, p. 70.
12
T. Hughes,
Tom Brown’s Schooldays
(London, n.d.), pp. 278–80.
Tom Brown’s Schooldays
(London, n.d.), pp. 278–80.
13
T. Hughes,
Tom Brown at Oxford
(London, 1868), p. 169.
Tom Brown at Oxford
(London, 1868), p. 169.
14
O. Anderson, ‘The Growth of Christian Militarism in Mid-Victorian Britain’,
English Historical Review
, 86/338 (1971), pp. 46–72; K. Hendrickson,
Making Saints: Religion and the Public Image of the British Army, 1809–1885
(Cranbury, NJ, 1998), pp. 9–15; M. Snape,
The Redcoat and Religion: The Forgotten History of the British Soldier from the Age of Marlborough to the Eve of the First World War
(London, 2005), pp. 90–91, 98.
English Historical Review
, 86/338 (1971), pp. 46–72; K. Hendrickson,
Making Saints: Religion and the Public Image of the British Army, 1809–1885
(Cranbury, NJ, 1998), pp. 9–15; M. Snape,
The Redcoat and Religion: The Forgotten History of the British Soldier from the Age of Marlborough to the Eve of the First World War
(London, 2005), pp. 90–91, 98.
15
Memorials of Captain Hedley Vicars, Ninety-Seventh Regiment
(London, 1856)
,
pp. x, 216–17.
(London, 1856)
,
pp. x, 216–17.
16
Quoted in Markovits,
The Crimean War
, p. 92.
The Crimean War
, p. 92.
17
M. Lalumia,
Realism and Politics in Victorian Art of the Crimean War
(Epping, 1984), pp. 80–86.
Realism and Politics in Victorian Art of the Crimean War
(Epping, 1984), pp. 80–86.
18
Ibid., pp. 125–6.
19
Ibid., pp. 136–44; P. Usherwood and J. Spencer-Smith,
Lady Butler, Battle Artist, 1846–1933
(London, 1987), pp. 29–31.
Lady Butler, Battle Artist, 1846–1933
(London, 1987), pp. 29–31.
20
Mrs H. Sandford,
The Girls’ Reading Book
(London, 1875), p. 183.
The Girls’ Reading Book
(London, 1875), p. 183.
21
See e.g. R. Basturk,
Bilim ve Ahlak
(Istanbul, 2009).
Bilim ve Ahlak
(Istanbul, 2009).
22
Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Ba
kanlı
ı,
Selçuklular Döneminde Anadoluya Yapılan Akınlar–1799–1802 Osmanlı-Fransız Harbinde Akka Kalesi Savunması–1853–1856 Osmanlı-Rus Kırım Harbi Kafkas Cephesi
(Ankara, 1981), quoted in C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 20–21 (translation altered for clarity).
kanlıı,Selçuklular Döneminde Anadoluya Yapılan Akınlar–1799–1802 Osmanlı-Fransız Harbinde Akka Kalesi Savunması–1853–1856 Osmanlı-Rus Kırım Harbi Kafkas Cephesi
(Ankara, 1981), quoted in C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 20–21 (translation altered for clarity).
23
A. Khrushchev,
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), pp. 159–6.
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), pp. 159–6.
24
L. Tolstoy,
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 56–7.
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 56–7.
25
N. Dubrovin,
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), p. 15.
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), p. 15.
26
A. Apukhtin,
Sochineniia
, 2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1895), vol. 2, p. iv. Translation by Luis Sundkvist and the author.
Sochineniia
, 2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1895), vol. 2, p. iv. Translation by Luis Sundkvist and the author.
27
M. Kozelsky,
Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond
(De Kalb, Ill., 2010), pp. 130–39; R. Wortman,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy
, vol. 2:
From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II
(Princeton, 2000), p. 25; O. Maiorova, ‘Searching for a New Language of Self: The Symbolism of Russian National Belonging during and after the Crimean War’,
Ab Imperio
, 4 (2006), p. 199.
Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond
(De Kalb, Ill., 2010), pp. 130–39; R. Wortman,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy
, vol. 2:
From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II
(Princeton, 2000), p. 25; O. Maiorova, ‘Searching for a New Language of Self: The Symbolism of Russian National Belonging during and after the Crimean War’,
Ab Imperio
, 4 (2006), p. 199.
28
RGVIA, f. 481, op. 1, d. 27, 1. 116; M. Bogdanovich (ed.),
Istoricheskii ocherk deiatel’nosti voennago upravlennia v Rossii v pervoe dvatsatipiatiletie blagopoluchnago tsarstvoivaniia Gosudaria Imperatora Aleksandra Nikolaevicha (1855–1880 gg.)
, 6 vols. (St Petersburg, 1879–81), vol. 1, p. 172.
Istoricheskii ocherk deiatel’nosti voennago upravlennia v Rossii v pervoe dvatsatipiatiletie blagopoluchnago tsarstvoivaniia Gosudaria Imperatora Aleksandra Nikolaevicha (1855–1880 gg.)
, 6 vols. (St Petersburg, 1879–81), vol. 1, p. 172.
29
S. Plokhy, ‘The City of Glory: Sevastopol in Russian Historical Mythology’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, 35/3 (July 2000), p. 377.
Journal of Contemporary History
, 35/3 (July 2000), p. 377.
30
S. Davies, ‘Soviet Cinema and the Early Cold War: Pudovkin’s
Admiral Nakhimov
in Context’,
Cold War History
, 4/1 (Oct. 2003), pp. 49–70.
Admiral Nakhimov
in Context’,
Cold War History
, 4/1 (Oct. 2003), pp. 49–70.
31
Quoted in Plokhy, ‘The City of Glory’, p. 382.
32
The conference papers are online:
http://www.cnsr.ru/projects.php?id=10
.
http://www.cnsr.ru/projects.php?id=10
.
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