The Crimean War (79 page)
Authors: Orlando Figes
Tags: #History, #Military, #General, #Europe, #Other, #Russia & the Former Soviet Union, #Crimean War; 1853-1856
53
G. Croly,
England, Turkey, and Russia: A Sermon Preached on the Embarkation of the Guards for the East in the Church of St Stephen, Walbrook, February 26, 1854
(London, 1854), pp. 8, 12–13, 26–7, 30–31. For similar sermons, see H. Bunsen,
‘The War is a Righteous War’: A Sermon Preached in Lilleshall Church on the Day of Humiliation and Prayer
(London, 1854); R. Burton,
The War of God’s Sending: A Sermon Preached in Willesden Church on the Occasion of the Fast, April 26, 1854
(London, 1854); R. Cadlish,
The Sword of the Lord: A Sermon Preached in the Free St George’s Church, Edinburgh on Wednesday, April 26, 1854
(London, 1854); H. Howarth,
Will God Be for Us? A Sermon Preached in the Parish Church of St George’s, Hanover Square, on Wednesday, April 26, 1854
(London, 1854);
A Sermon Preached by the Rev. H. W. Kemp, Incumbent of St John’s Church, Hull, on Wednesday, April 26th: Being the Day Appointed by Her Gracious Majesty the Queen for the Humiliation of the Nation on the Commencement of the War with Russia
(London, 1854); J. Cumming,
The War and Its Issues: Two Sermons
(London, 1854); J. Hall,
War with Russia Both Just and Expedient: A Discourse Delivered in Union Chapel, Brixton Hill, April 26, 1854
(London, 1854); John, Bishop of Lincoln,
War: Its Evils and Duties: A Sermon Preached in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln on April 26th, 1854
(London, 1854).
England, Turkey, and Russia: A Sermon Preached on the Embarkation of the Guards for the East in the Church of St Stephen, Walbrook, February 26, 1854
(London, 1854), pp. 8, 12–13, 26–7, 30–31. For similar sermons, see H. Bunsen,
‘The War is a Righteous War’: A Sermon Preached in Lilleshall Church on the Day of Humiliation and Prayer
(London, 1854); R. Burton,
The War of God’s Sending: A Sermon Preached in Willesden Church on the Occasion of the Fast, April 26, 1854
(London, 1854); R. Cadlish,
The Sword of the Lord: A Sermon Preached in the Free St George’s Church, Edinburgh on Wednesday, April 26, 1854
(London, 1854); H. Howarth,
Will God Be for Us? A Sermon Preached in the Parish Church of St George’s, Hanover Square, on Wednesday, April 26, 1854
(London, 1854);
A Sermon Preached by the Rev. H. W. Kemp, Incumbent of St John’s Church, Hull, on Wednesday, April 26th: Being the Day Appointed by Her Gracious Majesty the Queen for the Humiliation of the Nation on the Commencement of the War with Russia
(London, 1854); J. Cumming,
The War and Its Issues: Two Sermons
(London, 1854); J. Hall,
War with Russia Both Just and Expedient: A Discourse Delivered in Union Chapel, Brixton Hill, April 26, 1854
(London, 1854); John, Bishop of Lincoln,
War: Its Evils and Duties: A Sermon Preached in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln on April 26th, 1854
(London, 1854).
54
FO 195/445, Finn to Clarendon, 28 Apr. 1854; E. Finn (ed.),
Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856
, 2 vols. (London, 1878), vol. 2, pp. 130–31.
Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856
, 2 vols. (London, 1878), vol. 2, pp. 130–31.
CHAPTER 6. FIRST BLOOD TO THE TURKS
1
Tolstoy’s Letters
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 38.
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 38.
2
A. Maude,
The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years
(London, 1908), pp. 96–7.
The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years
(London, 1908), pp. 96–7.
3
‘Voina s Turtsiei 1854 g.’,
Russkaia starina
, 18 (1877), p. 327.
Russkaia starina
, 18 (1877), p. 327.
4
RGADA, f. 1292, op. 1, d. 6, l. 68; E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 1, p. 273; ‘Vospominaniia kniazia Emiliia Vitgenshteina’,
Russkaia starina
, 104 (1900), p. 190.
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 1, p. 273; ‘Vospominaniia kniazia Emiliia Vitgenshteina’,
Russkaia starina
, 104 (1900), p. 190.
5
A. Khomiakov,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, 8 vols. (Moscow, 1900), vol. 8, p. 350.
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, 8 vols. (Moscow, 1900), vol. 8, p. 350.
6
FO 78/1014, Cunningham to Stratford Canning, 4, 20, 23 and 30 Mar. 1854.
7
E. Jouve,
Guerre d’Orient: Voyage à la suite des armées alliées en Turquie, en Valachie et en Crimée
(Paris, 1855), p. 115; FO 78/1008, Fonblanque to Stratford Canning, 27 Mar. 1854; FO 78/1014, Cunningham to Stratford Canning, 23 Mar. 1854.
Guerre d’Orient: Voyage à la suite des armées alliées en Turquie, en Valachie et en Crimée
(Paris, 1855), p. 115; FO 78/1008, Fonblanque to Stratford Canning, 27 Mar. 1854; FO 78/1014, Cunningham to Stratford Canning, 23 Mar. 1854.
8
RGVIA, f. 9198, op. 6/264, cb. 6, d. 14, ll. 101, 104, 106.
9
FO 78/1009, Fonblanque to Palmerston, 27 May 1854; Palmerston to Fonblanque, 10 July 1854.
10
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5417, ll. 41–4; E. Kovalevskii,
Voina s Turtsiei i razryv s zapadnymi derzhavami v 1853–1854
(St Petersburg, 1871), pp. 203–15; S. Plaksin,
Shchegolovskii al’bom: Sbornik istoricheskikh faktov, vospominanii, zapisok, illiustratsii i.t.d. za vremia bombardirovki Odessy v 1854
(Odessa, 1905), pp. 43–7.
Voina s Turtsiei i razryv s zapadnymi derzhavami v 1853–1854
(St Petersburg, 1871), pp. 203–15; S. Plaksin,
Shchegolovskii al’bom: Sbornik istoricheskikh faktov, vospominanii, zapisok, illiustratsii i.t.d. za vremia bombardirovki Odessy v 1854
(Odessa, 1905), pp. 43–7.
11
RGVIA, f. 481, op. 1, d. 89, ll. 1–5; M. Bogdanovich,
Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856
, 4 vols. (St Petersburg, 1876), vol. 2, pp. 89–93; L. Guerrin,
Histoire de la dernière guerre de Russie (1853–1856)
, 2 vols. (Paris, 1858), vol. 1, pp. 111–15; J. Reid,
Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878
(Stuttgart, 2000), pp. 255–7; NAM 1968–03–45 (‘Journal of Captain J. A. Butler at the Siege of Silistria’).
Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856
, 4 vols. (St Petersburg, 1876), vol. 2, pp. 89–93; L. Guerrin,
Histoire de la dernière guerre de Russie (1853–1856)
, 2 vols. (Paris, 1858), vol. 1, pp. 111–15; J. Reid,
Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878
(Stuttgart, 2000), pp. 255–7; NAM 1968–03–45 (‘Journal of Captain J. A. Butler at the Siege of Silistria’).
12
NAM 1968–03–45 (‘Journal of Captain J. A. Butler at the Siege of Silistria’); RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5520, ch. 2, l. 62.
13
Tolstoy’s Letters
, vol. 1, pp. 39–40.
, vol. 1, pp. 39–40.
14
Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 1, pp. 445–7.
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 1, pp. 445–7.
15
B. Gooch,
The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War
(The Hague, 1959), pp. 82, 109; NAM 1973–11–170 (Kingscote letter, 15 May, p. 2).
The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War
(The Hague, 1959), pp. 82, 109; NAM 1973–11–170 (Kingscote letter, 15 May, p. 2).
16
J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 30.
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 30.
17
L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 222.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 222.
18
P. de Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
(Paris, 1860), pp. 58–9.
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
(Paris, 1860), pp. 58–9.
19
The Times
, 26 Apr. 1854.
, 26 Apr. 1854.
20
C. Bayley,
Mercenaries for the Crimean: The German, Swiss, and Italian Legions in British Service 1854–6
(Montreal, 1977), p. 20. On the Irish in the British army, see D. Murphy,
Ireland and the Crimean War
(Dublin, 2002), pp. 17–25.
Mercenaries for the Crimean: The German, Swiss, and Italian Legions in British Service 1854–6
(Montreal, 1977), p. 20. On the Irish in the British army, see D. Murphy,
Ireland and the Crimean War
(Dublin, 2002), pp. 17–25.
21
NAM 1968–07–289 (Raglan to Herbert, 15 May 1854).
22
NAM 1994–01–215 (Bell letter, June 1854).
23
A. Slade,
Turkey and the Crimean War: A Narrative of Historical Events
(London, 1867), p. 355.
Turkey and the Crimean War: A Narrative of Historical Events
(London, 1867), p. 355.
24
NAM 1973–11–170 (Kingscote letter, 29 Apr. 1854, p. 3); Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 212.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 212.
25
J. Howard Harris, Earl of Malmesbury,
Memoirs of an Ex-Minister
, 2 vols. (London, 1884), vol. 1, p. 412;
The Diary and Correspondence of Henry Wellesley, First Lord Cowley, 1790–1846
(London, 1930), p. 54.
Memoirs of an Ex-Minister
, 2 vols. (London, 1884), vol. 1, p. 412;
The Diary and Correspondence of Henry Wellesley, First Lord Cowley, 1790–1846
(London, 1930), p. 54.
26
Tolstoy’s Letters
, vol. 1, pp. 40–41.
, vol. 1, pp. 40–41.
27
A. Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 195;
Akten zur Geschichte des Krimkriegs: Österreichische Akten zur Geschichte des Krimkriegs,
ser. 1, vol. 2 (Munich, 1980), p. 248.
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 195;
Akten zur Geschichte des Krimkriegs: Österreichische Akten zur Geschichte des Krimkriegs,
ser. 1, vol. 2 (Munich, 1980), p. 248.
28
Bogdanovich,
Vostochnaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 107–8.
Vostochnaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 107–8.
29
Jouve,
Guerre d’Orient
, p. 121; A. Kinglake,
The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 2, p. 56; Guerrin,
Histoire de la dernière guerre
, vol. 1, pp. 123–5.
Guerre d’Orient
, p. 121; A. Kinglake,
The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 2, p. 56; Guerrin,
Histoire de la dernière guerre
, vol. 1, pp. 123–5.
30
Jouve,
Guerre d’Orient
, pp. 108, 116.
Guerre d’Orient
, pp. 108, 116.
31
Tolstoy’s Letters
, vol. 1, p. 41.
, vol. 1, p. 41.
32
Jouve,
Guerre d’Orient
, p. 123; Guerrin,
Histoire de la dernière guerre
, vol. 1, p. 127; FO 195/439, Colquhoun to Clarendon, 13 Aug. 1854.
Guerre d’Orient
, p. 123; Guerrin,
Histoire de la dernière guerre
, vol. 1, p. 127; FO 195/439, Colquhoun to Clarendon, 13 Aug. 1854.
33
Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 1, pp. 454–5; M. Levin, ‘Krymskaia voina i russkoe obshchestvo’, in id.,
Ocherki po istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli, vtoraia polovina XIX veka
(Leningrad, 1974), pp. 293–304.
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 1, pp. 454–5; M. Levin, ‘Krymskaia voina i russkoe obshchestvo’, in id.,
Ocherki po istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli, vtoraia polovina XIX veka
(Leningrad, 1974), pp. 293–304.
34
P. Schroeder,
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert
(Ithaca, NY, 1972), pp. 207–9; R. Florescu,
The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities 1821–1854
(Monachii, 1962), pp. 284–6.
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert
(Ithaca, NY, 1972), pp. 207–9; R. Florescu,
The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities 1821–1854
(Monachii, 1962), pp. 284–6.
35
La Vicomte de Noë,
Les Bachi-Bazouks et les Chasseurs d’Afrique
(Paris, 1861), pp. 9–11; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 215.
Les Bachi-Bazouks et les Chasseurs d’Afrique
(Paris, 1861), pp. 9–11; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 215.
36
Noë,
Les Bachi-Bazouks
, pp. 34, 38–42, 56–68; J. Reid, ‘Social and Psychological Factors in the Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1780–1918’,
Journal of Modern Hellenism
, 10 (1993), pp. 143–52.
Les Bachi-Bazouks
, pp. 34, 38–42, 56–68; J. Reid, ‘Social and Psychological Factors in the Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1780–1918’,
Journal of Modern Hellenism
, 10 (1993), pp. 143–52.
37
C. Mismer,
Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée
(Paris, 1887), p. 34; Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
, p. 30; FO 78/1009, Fonblanque to Palmerston, 10 June 1854; C. Hibbert,
The Destruction of Lord Raglan: A Tragedy of the Crimean War, 1854–1855
(London, 1961), p. 164; J. Spilsbury,
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 26; H. Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War
(London, 2007), pp. 61–2.
Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée
(Paris, 1887), p. 34; Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
, p. 30; FO 78/1009, Fonblanque to Palmerston, 10 June 1854; C. Hibbert,
The Destruction of Lord Raglan: A Tragedy of the Crimean War, 1854–1855
(London, 1961), p. 164; J. Spilsbury,
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 26; H. Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War
(London, 2007), pp. 61–2.
38
M.
Thoumas,
Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1892), pp. 107–9; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 55.
Thoumas,
Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1892), pp. 107–9; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 55.
39
K. Marx,
The Eastern Question: A Reprint of Letters Written 1853–1856 Dealing with the Events of the Crimean War
(London, 1969), p. 451.
The Eastern Question: A Reprint of Letters Written 1853–1856 Dealing with the Events of the Crimean War
(London, 1969), p. 451.
40
A. Lambert,
The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy, 1853–56
(Manchester, 1990), p. 106.
The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy, 1853–56
(Manchester, 1990), p. 106.
41
L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 218–19.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 218–19.
42
Lambert,
The Crimean War
, p. 84.
The Crimean War
, p. 84.
43
WO 28/199, Newcastle to Raglan, 29 June 1854.
44
W. Mosse,
The Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, 1855–1871: The Story of the Peace Settlement
(London, 1963), p. 1; W. Baumgart,
The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking
(Oxford, 1981), p. 13.
The Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, 1855–1871: The Story of the Peace Settlement
(London, 1963), p. 1; W. Baumgart,
The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking
(Oxford, 1981), p. 13.
45
Schroeder,
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War
, pp. 193–4.
Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War
, pp. 193–4.
46
Ibid., p. 204; Lambert,
The Crimean War
, pp. 86–7.
The Crimean War
, pp. 86–7.
47
S. Harris,
British Military Intelligence in the Crimean War
(London, 2001), p. 37; H. Small,
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 36–7; V. Rakov,
Moi vospominaniia o Evpatorii v epohu krymskoi voiny 1853–1856 gg.
(Evpatoriia, 1904), p. 10; FO 881/550, Raglan to Newcastle, 19 July 1854.
British Military Intelligence in the Crimean War
(London, 2001), p. 37; H. Small,
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 36–7; V. Rakov,
Moi vospominaniia o Evpatorii v epohu krymskoi voiny 1853–1856 gg.
(Evpatoriia, 1904), p. 10; FO 881/550, Raglan to Newcastle, 19 July 1854.
48
E. Boniface, Count de Castellane,
Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862
(Paris, 1898), pp. 90–91; L. de Saint-Arnaud,
Lettres du Maréchal Saint-Arnaud
, 2 vols. (Paris, 1858), vol. 2, p. 462.
Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862
(Paris, 1898), pp. 90–91; L. de Saint-Arnaud,
Lettres du Maréchal Saint-Arnaud
, 2 vols. (Paris, 1858), vol. 2, p. 462.
49
Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée,
p. 59; R. Portal,
Letters from the Crimea, 1854–55
(Winchester, 1900), pp. 17, 25; FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 6 Sept. 1854.
Français et russes en Crimée,
p. 59; R. Portal,
Letters from the Crimea, 1854–55
(Winchester, 1900), pp. 17, 25; FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 6 Sept. 1854.
50
Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 2, pp. 148–9.
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 2, pp. 148–9.
CHAPTER 7. ALMA
1
J. Cabrol,
Le Maréchal de Saint-Arnaud en Crimée
(Paris, 1895), p. 312; L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 219; M. O. Cullet,
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’infanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), p. 68; NAM 2000–02–94 (Rose letter, 28 Aug. 1854).
Le Maréchal de Saint-Arnaud en Crimée
(Paris, 1895), p. 312; L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 219; M. O. Cullet,
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’infanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), p. 68; NAM 2000–02–94 (Rose letter, 28 Aug. 1854).
2
P. de Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
(Paris, 1860), p. 5; E. Vanson,
Crimée, Italie, Mexique: Lettres de campagnes 1854–1867
(Paris, 1905), p. 23; NAM 1978–04–39–2 (Hull letter, 12 July 1854); NAM 2000–02–94 (Rose letter, 28 Aug. 1854).
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
(Paris, 1860), p. 5; E. Vanson,
Crimée, Italie, Mexique: Lettres de campagnes 1854–1867
(Paris, 1905), p. 23; NAM 1978–04–39–2 (Hull letter, 12 July 1854); NAM 2000–02–94 (Rose letter, 28 Aug. 1854).
3
A. de Damas,
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), pp. 147–8.
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), pp. 147–8.
4
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5492, ll. 50–51; V. Rakov,
Moi vospominaniia o Evpatorii v epohu krymskoi voiny 1853–1856 gg.
(Evpatoriia, 1904), pp. 13–14, 21–2; A. Markevich,
Tavricheskaia guberniia vo vremia krymskoi voiny: Po arkhivnym materialam
(Simferopol, 1905), pp. 18–23; A. Kinglake
, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 2, p. 166.
Moi vospominaniia o Evpatorii v epohu krymskoi voiny 1853–1856 gg.
(Evpatoriia, 1904), pp. 13–14, 21–2; A. Markevich,
Tavricheskaia guberniia vo vremia krymskoi voiny: Po arkhivnym materialam
(Simferopol, 1905), pp. 18–23; A. Kinglake
, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 2, p. 166.
5
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, ll. 29–32; N. Mikhno, ‘Iz zapisok chinovnika o krymskoi voine’, in N. Dubrovin (ed.),
Materialy dlia istorii krymskoi voiny i oborony sevastopolia; Sbornik izdavaemyi komitetom po ustroistvu sevastopol’skogo muzeia
, vyp. 3 (St Petersburg, 1872), p. 7.
Materialy dlia istorii krymskoi voiny i oborony sevastopolia; Sbornik izdavaemyi komitetom po ustroistvu sevastopol’skogo muzeia
, vyp. 3 (St Petersburg, 1872), p. 7.
6
W. Baumgart,
The Crimean War, 1853–1856
(Oxford, 1999), p. 116.
The Crimean War, 1853–1856
(Oxford, 1999), p. 116.
7
R. Hodasevich,
A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege
(London, 1856), p. 35.
A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege
(London, 1856), p. 35.
8
Cullet,
Un régiment
, p. 68; Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
, p. 45.
Un régiment
, p. 68; Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
, p. 45.
9
L. de Saint-Arnaud,
Lettres du Maréchal Saint-Arnaud
, 2 vols. (Paris, 1858), vol. 2, p. 490.
Lettres du Maréchal Saint-Arnaud
, 2 vols. (Paris, 1858), vol. 2, p. 490.
10
V. Bonham-Carter (ed.),
Surgeon in the Crimea: The Experiences of George Lawson Recorded in Letters to His Family
(London, 1968), p. 70.
Surgeon in the Crimea: The Experiences of George Lawson Recorded in Letters to His Family
(London, 1968), p. 70.
11
NAM 2003–03–634 (‘The Diary of Bandmaster Oliver’, 15, 16, 17 Sept. 1854); J. Hume,
Reminiscences of the Crimean Campaign with the 55th Regiment
(London, 1894), p. 47.
Reminiscences of the Crimean Campaign with the 55th Regiment
(London, 1894), p. 47.
12
H. Small,
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), p. 44.
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), p. 44.
13
N. Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 1, pp. 215–17; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 47, 68; Damas,
Souvenirs
, p. 11; M. Bot′anov,
Vospominaniia sevastopoltsa i kavkatsa, 45 let spustia
(Vitebsk, 1899), p. 6; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 235.
Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 1, pp. 215–17; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 47, 68; Damas,
Souvenirs
, p. 11; M. Bot′anov,
Vospominaniia sevastopoltsa i kavkatsa, 45 let spustia
(Vitebsk, 1899), p. 6; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 235.
14
E. Perret,
Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), p. 103.
Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), p. 103.
15
Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 1, p. 222; id.,
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), p. 52; A. Seaton,
The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle
(London, 1977), pp. 75–6.
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 1, p. 222; id.,
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), p. 52; A. Seaton,
The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle
(London, 1977), pp. 75–6.
16
Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 55–6.
A Voice
, pp. 55–6.
17
Perret,
Les Français en Orient
, p. 106; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, p. 32; M. Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), p. 21.
Les Français en Orient
, p. 106; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, p. 32; M. Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), p. 21.
18
R. Egerton,
Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War
(London, 2000), p. 82.
Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War
(London, 2000), p. 82.
19
Small,
The Crimean War
, p. 47; N. Dixon,
On the Psychology of Military Incompetence
(London, 1994), p. 39.
The Crimean War
, p. 47; N. Dixon,
On the Psychology of Military Incompetence
(London, 1994), p. 39.
20
M. Masquelez,
Journal d’un officier de zouaves
(Paris, 1858), pp. 107–8; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 226–8; Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
, pp. 232–3; A. Gouttman,
La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856
(Paris, 1995), pp. 294–8; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5575, l. 4.
Journal d’un officier de zouaves
(Paris, 1858), pp. 107–8; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 226–8; Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
, pp. 232–3; A. Gouttman,
La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856
(Paris, 1995), pp. 294–8; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5575, l. 4.
21
Small,
The Crimean War
, p. 50; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 230–31; E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 20; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 69–70.
The Crimean War
, p. 50; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 230–31; E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 20; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 69–70.
22
Ibid., p. 70; J. Spilsbury,
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 61; A. Massie,
The National Army Museum Book of the Crimean War: The Untold Stories
(London, 2004), p. 36.
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 61; A. Massie,
The National Army Museum Book of the Crimean War: The Untold Stories
(London, 2004), p. 36.
23
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 64–5; Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 2, pp. 332 ff.; NAM 1976–06–10 (‘Crimean Journal, 1854’, pp. 54–5).
Thin Red Line
, pp. 64–5; Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 2, pp. 332 ff.; NAM 1976–06–10 (‘Crimean Journal, 1854’, pp. 54–5).
24
Small,
The Crimean War
, pp. 51–4; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 65–9; E. Totleben,
Opisanie oborony g. Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1863–78), vol. 1, p. 194.
The Crimean War
, pp. 51–4; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 65–9; E. Totleben,
Opisanie oborony g. Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1863–78), vol. 1, p. 194.
25
A. Khrushchev,
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), p. 13; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 73–6; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 20.
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), p. 13; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 73–6; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 20.
26
A. du Picq,
Battle Studies
(Charleston, SC, 2006), pp. 112, 223.
Battle Studies
(Charleston, SC, 2006), pp. 112, 223.
27
Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoivoiny
, vol. 1, pp. 267–8; Baron de Bazancourt,
The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol
, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 260–62.
Istoriia krymskoivoiny
, vol. 1, pp. 267–8; Baron de Bazancourt,
The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol
, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 260–62.
28
NAM 1974–02–22–86–4 (21 Sept. 1872); Bonham-Carter,
Surgeon in the Crimea
, p. 73.
Surgeon in the Crimea
, p. 73.
29
S. Calthorpe,
Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff
(London, 1858), pp. 76–7.
Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff
(London, 1858), pp. 76–7.
30
Seaton,
The Crimean
War, pp. 96–7; Kh. Giubbenet,
Slovo ob uchastii narodov v popechenii o ranenyh voinakh i neskol’ko vospominanii iz krymskoi kampanii
(Kiev, 1868), p. 15.
The Crimean
War, pp. 96–7; Kh. Giubbenet,
Slovo ob uchastii narodov v popechenii o ranenyh voinakh i neskol’ko vospominanii iz krymskoi kampanii
(Kiev, 1868), p. 15.
31
The Times
, 1 Dec. 1854.
, 1 Dec. 1854.
32
Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 234; Egerton,
Death or Glory
, pp. 219–20; H. Drummond,
Letters from the Crimea
(London, 1855), pp. 49–50.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 234; Egerton,
Death or Glory
, pp. 219–20; H. Drummond,
Letters from the Crimea
(London, 1855), pp. 49–50.
33
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, 11. 41–2; H. Elphinstone,
Journal of the Operations Conducted by the Corps of Royal Engineers
(London, 1859), pp. 21–2; J. Curtiss,
Russia’s Crimean War
(Durham, NC, 1979), pp. 302–5; Totleben,
Opisanie
, vol. 1, pp. 66 ff.
Journal of the Operations Conducted by the Corps of Royal Engineers
(London, 1859), pp. 21–2; J. Curtiss,
Russia’s Crimean War
(Durham, NC, 1979), pp. 302–5; Totleben,
Opisanie
, vol. 1, pp. 66 ff.
34
Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 1, pp. 268–9.
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 1, pp. 268–9.
35
Den’ i noch’ v Sevastopole: Stseny iz boevoi zhizni (iz zapisok artillerista)
(St Petersburg, 1903), pp. 4–5; Gouttman,
La Guerre de Crimée
, p. 305.
(St Petersburg, 1903), pp. 4–5; Gouttman,
La Guerre de Crimée
, p. 305.
36
Egerton,
Death or Glory
, p. 92.
Death or Glory
, p. 92.
37
NAM 1989–06–41 (Nolan diary, p. 35).
38
Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 239; Perret,
Les Français en Orient
, pp. 119–20.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 239; Perret,
Les Français en Orient
, pp. 119–20.
39
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5492, ll. 62–3; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 1, pp. 293–302; Tarle,
krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 23; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 119–21.
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 1, pp. 293–302; Tarle,
krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 23; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 119–21.
40
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5492, ll. 57–8; Markevich,
Tavricheskaia guberniia
, pp. 9–10; ‘1854 g.’,
Russkaia starina
, 19 (1877), p. 338; Rakov,
Moi vospominaniia
, pp. 16–39; Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
, pp. 46, 71–2.
Tavricheskaia guberniia
, pp. 9–10; ‘1854 g.’,
Russkaia starina
, 19 (1877), p. 338; Rakov,
Moi vospominaniia
, pp. 16–39; Molènes,
Les Commentaires d’un soldat
, pp. 46, 71–2.
41
T. Royle,
Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856
(London, 1999), p. 244.
Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856
(London, 1999), p. 244.
42
J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 104.
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 104.
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