The Crimes of Paris: A True Story of Murder, Theft, and Detection (48 page)

13
. Gerould,
Guillotine,
97.

14
. Nash,
Encyclopedia of World Crime,
1869.

15
. Thorwald,
Century of the Detective,
275 (see chap. 2, n. 1).

16
. Ibid., 276.

17
. Jay Robert Nash,
Look for the Woman
(New York: Evans, 1981), 236.

18
. Ibid., 237.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Ibid., 240.

21
. Ibid., 242.

22
. Ibid., 243.

23
. Ibid., 244.

24
. Thorwald,
Century of the Detective,
285.

25
. Ibid., 286.

26
. Nash,
Look for the Woman,
244.

27
. Ibid., 245.

28
. Lassiter Wren,
Master Strokes of Crime Detection
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1929), 70.

29
. Ibid., 75–76.

30
. Ibid., 93.

31
. Shapiro,
Breaking the Codes,
40.

32
. Colin Wilson and Damon Wilson,
The Giant Book of True Crime
(London: Magpie Books, 2006), 389–90.

33
. Thorwald,
Century of the Detective,
46.

34
. Shapiro,
Breaking the Codes,
18.

35
. Ibid., 40.

36
. Yvonne Deutsch, ed.,
Science against Crime
(New York: Exeter Books, 1982), 72.

37
. Thorwald,
Century of the Detective,
128.

38
. Ibid., 131.

39
. Ibid., 117.

40
. Henry B. Irving,
A Book of Remarkable Criminals
(London: Cassell, 1918), 310.

41
. Ibid., 318.

42
. Nash,
Encyclopedia of World Crime,
122.

43
. Thorwald,
Century of the Detective,
137.

44
. Coincidentally, Bram Stoker’s novel
Dracula,
about a bloodsucking vampire, was published in the year Vacher was caught.

45
. “The Ripper Is Dead,”
Iowa State Press,
January 30, 1899,
http://www.casebook.org/press_reports/iowa_state_press/990130.html
.

46
. Ibid.

47
. Ibid.

48
. Timothy B. Smith, “Assistance and Repression: Rural Exodus, Vagabondage, and Social Crisis in France, 1880–1914,”
Journal of Social History
32, no. 4 (Summer 1999): 822.

49
. Angus McLaren,
The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries, 1870–1930
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 160.

50
. Matt K. Matsuda,
The Memory of the Modern
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 141.

51
. Jean Belin,
Secrets of the Sûreté: The Memoirs of Commissioner Jean Belin
(New York: Putnam’s, 1950), 7–8.

52
. “Paris Slayer Wore Armored Sleeves,”
New York Times,
January 16, 1910.

53
. Ibid.

54
. James Morton,
Gangland: The Early Years
(London: Time Warner Paperbacks, 2004), 531.

55
. Hans Gross (1847–1915) was an Austrian judge whose 1893 handbook for examining magistrates, police officials, etc., was a milestone in the field of criminalistics, the application of science to crime investigation.

56
. Henry Morton Robinson,
Science versus Crime
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 201.

57
. “Locard’s Exchange Principle,”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locard’s_-exchange_principle
.

CHAPTER FIVE: THE MAN WHO MEASURED PEOPLE

1
. Jennifer Michael Hecht,
The End of the Soul: Scientific Modernity, Atheism, and Anthropology in France
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 165.

2
. Ibid., 148.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Jennifer Michael Hecht, “French Scientific Materialism and the Liturgy of Death: The Invention of a Secular Version of Catholic Last Rites (1876–1914),”
French Historical Studies
20, no. 4 (Fall 1997): 709.

5
. Ibid., 971.

6
. He came up with the concept of the cephalic index — the breadth of the head above the ears expressed as a percentage of its length from forehead to back.

7
. Brian Baker, “Darwin’s Gothic Science and Literature in the Late Nineteenth Century,” in
Literature and Science: Social Impact and Interaction,
ed. John H. Cartwright and Brian Baker (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), 212.

8
. Fingerprinting was still in the future.

9
. Henry T. F. Rhodes,
Alphonse Bertillon: Father of Scientific Detection
(New York: Greenwood, 1968), 91.

10
. Colin Beavan,
Fingerprints: The Origins of Crime Detection
(New York: Hyperion, 2001), 83.

11
. Rhodes,
Alphonse Bertillon,
88.

12
. Ibid., 95.

13
. Ibid., 218.

14
. Robinson,
Science versus Crime,
142 (see chap. 4, n. 56).

15
. Matsuda,
Memory of the Modern,
136 (see chap. 4, n. 50).

16
. Ibid., 136.

17
. Hecht,
End of the Soul,
164.

18
. Thorwald,
Century of the Detective,
28 (see chap. 2, n. 1).

19
. Ibid., 29.

20
. Ibid., 30.

21
. Gerould,
Guillotine,
195 (see chap. 1, n. 46).

22
. Thorwald,
Century of the Detective,
31.

23
. George Dilnot,
Triumphs of Detection: A Book about Detectives
(London: Bles, 1929), 108.

24
. Ibid., 108–9.

25
. Ibid., 109–10.

26
. In the Conan Doyle story “The Naval Treaty,” Dr. Watson summarizes a talk with Holmes: “His conversation, I remember, was about the Bertillon system of measurements, and he expressed his enthusiastic admiration of the French savant.”

27
. Harry Ashton-Wolfe,
The Forgotten Clue: Stories of the Parisian Sûreté with an Account of Its Methods
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), 115.

28
. Ibid., 115–16.

29
. Ibid., 116.

30
. Ibid., 117.

31
. Ibid., 118.

32
. Ibid., 120.

33
. Ibid., 123.

34
. Ibid., 127–28.

35
. Their daughter interviewed Alphonse late in his life and wrote a favorable biography of him.

36
. Hecht,
End of the Soul,
63.

37
. Bredin,
Affair,
74 (see chap. 1, n. 41).

38
. Ibid., 74.

39
. Louis L. Snyder,
The Dreyfus Case: A Documentary History
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973), 190.

40
. Bredin,
Affair,
262.

41
. Snyder,
Dreyfus Case,
303.

42
. Nash,
Encyclopedia of World Crime,
306 (see chap. 1, n. 37).

43
. Colin Evans,
Casebook of Forensic Detection: How Science Solved 100 of the World’s Most Baffling Crimes
(New York: Wiley, 1996), 95.

44
. Thorwald,
Century of the Detective,
83.

45
. Nash,
Encyclopedia of World Crime,
351.

46
. Ida Tarbell, “Identification of Criminals: The Scientific Method in Use in France,”
McClure’s Magazine
2, no. 4 (March 1894): 165–66.

47
. Ibid., 160.

48
. Ibid., 169.

49
. Michelle Perrot, ed.,
A History of Private Life,
vol. 4,
From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1990), 473.

50
. Katherine Blackford, “An Afternoon with Bertillon,”
Outlook
100, no. 7 (February 24, 1912): 427–28.

51
. Rhodes,
Alphonse Bertillon,
193.

CHAPTER SIX: THE SUSPECTS

1
. Steegmuller,
Apollinaire,
168 (see chap. 2, n. 3).

2
. Ibid., 168.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Ibid., 169.

5
. Ibid., 170.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Arianna Stassinopoulos Huffington,
Picasso: Creator and Destroyer
(New York: Avon, 1989), 58.

8
. Ibid., 77.

9
. Steegmuller,
Apollinaire,
125.

10
. Ibid., 126.

11
. Huffington,
Picasso,
80.

12
. Ibid., 85.

13
. Roger Shattuck,
The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant Garde in France, 1885 to World War I,
rev. ed. (New York: Vintage, 1968), 254.

14
. Ibid., 256.

15
. Robert Tombs, “Culture and the Intellectuals,” in
Modern France, 1880–2002,
ed. James McMillan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 181.