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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Grambs, David.
The describer’s dictionary / by David Grambs.
p. cm.
1. English language-Synonyms and antonyms. 2. Description
(Rhetoric) I. Title.
PE1591.G67 1993
423’.1-dc20 92-957

ISBN 0-393-31265-8

W W Norton & Company, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY. 10110
www.wwnorton.com

W W Norton & Company Ltd.
Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London WIT 3QT
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For Di

PREFACE

Consider the case of a traveler or student who wants to describe, in a letter, what the scenic landscape and local dwellings are like in a remote and beautiful area of Ecuador where she is staying. She can’t think of the word for a basin-like depression between two mountain peaks, or the word for the shape of a particular Indian symbol. She is not having an easy time finding the right words—if they are to be found—in her trusty thesaurus.

Or take the case of a student naturalist finishing his first article for a magazine. He needs the term meaning “living along a river” as well as the technical adjective for “peacock-like.” He can’t come up with them in his dictionary or
Roget’s.

Or suppose a newspaper reporter wants to open an important investigative story she is doing with an “evocative,” detailed description of an imposing nineteenth-century courthouse building in the town central to her story. Her knowledge of architectural terms stops at the word
column.
She wants the correct terminology, but she wants the writing to be her own. Where can she quickly find the descriptive vocabulary to make that courthouse a vivid presence or setting to her readers?

Or consider the aspiring science-fiction writer who is honing a pithy description of a character based on a strange old man he once met. He wants the right word—a different word—for “wrinkled.” Also, he can’t think of that other la-di-da three-syllable word from French meaning “plump ness.

The intent
of The Describer’s Dictionary
is to make a variety of descriptive words expediently available, or referable, in a way that neither a thesaurus nor a dictionary does. (It does not deign or claim to detail fine points of meaning, notably between synonyms, for which a standard dictionary is better suited.) Optimally, the book should be most helpful as a kind of descriptive-term memo pad or checklist for anybody needing quick access to just the right vocabulary for conveying in words some sort of picture.

Description is (with argumentation, exposition, and narration) one of the four traditional forms of discourse. It is the art of realistic depiction, or what the literary like to call verisimilitude. This is a craft that begins with a basic descriptive vocabulary. In the main, the idea here is to supply not terms for objects and creatures but terms for describing those objects and creatures. Don’t look between these covers for any abstractions, isms, ologies, or similarly intellectual or philosophical vocabulary.

“Physical” and “adjectival” best describe the approach of
The Describer’s Dictionary.

Physical because it is a gathering of words exclusively for describing the physical world—much of it, at least—in which we live.

Adjectival because, unlike most specialized reference books, this one has more adjectives (or adjectival forms) than nouns in its pages. To describe things, or animals, or people, it helps to know your basic substantives, as plain identifying or designating nouns are fundamental in any description. But modifiers, or attributives, are the main stuff of description, and I’ve favored the adjectival form here.

The format should make it easier to find purely physical terms than you can in a standard Roget‘s, where chockablock run-on lists (and a usually confusing index) make distinctions between related words less than clear; or than you can in an alphabetical dictionary, where defining is the primary purpose.

This format falls, not surprisingly, somewhere between that of a thesaurus and that of a dictionary. Simple “lead-in” definitional phrases precede most groupings of terms, but in many instances familiar words are merely thematically clustered for easy reference; their meanings should be clear enough, and the reader’s intelligence is not underestimated. Adjectival forms, again, predominate. Obviously, most of these modifiers have their corresponding noun, adverb, or even verb counterparts, and I’ve made the bold assumption that readers will not have too much trouble ascertaining the latter, if occasionally with a quick check of a standard dictionary.

Regarding the way the book is organized, common sense rather than a particular schema has been my guide—or seat-of-the-pants intuition rather than any rigorous scientific codifying principle (as in a thematically subsumed thesaurus). Certainly other arrangements would have been possible. I only hope that the presentation—and spacing that divides groupings of related terminology—works well enough that you will always be able to zero in fairly quickly on a particular subject area or word sought.

The book’s terminology serves the craft of physical description, and more specifically visual description (with the exception of a small section on tactile adjectives pertaining to surfaces and another on common descriptives for people’s voices). It covers phenomena ranging from universal shapes and geometric patterns to general attributes of animals and human beings. The Describer’s Dictionary also includes useful vocabulary for describing a building or house or (the art of what is technically called chorography) a particular tract of landscape.

Terminologies can easily overlap. The different sections of the book are by no means entirely exclusive of one another, and many of the illustrative quotations confirm this, containing several words that will be found under different headings in the text. For example, modifiers for shapes or forms may be useful in describing buildings or animals. A number of the terms under “Patterns and Edges” could as easily appear in the “Surfaces and Textures” section, and the words found under “Light and Colors,” of course, have virtually universal application.

If a picture is worth a thousand words, perhaps an actual literary descriptive passage may be worth more than a hundred definitions. Illustrative quotations from prose literature are an important complement within these pages. If a book is to provide readers with categorized terminology for visual description, why shouldn’t it also afford examples of vivid pictorial writing by some of the finest writers in the English language?

From both fiction and nonfiction, you’ll find a variety of such passages throughout the book. Almost all are from native writers of English, as opposed to translations from world classics. They are not here as mere dressing. There is, I think, a kind of felicitous synergism created when words-to-refer-to are accompanied by brief passages readable in their own right, glowing snatches of prose by reputable and even great writers. The quotations help to bring the text’s terminology to life (particularly for those who believe all reference books are inescapably deadly dry), and I hope that they make the book, more than a reliable word reference, an ever browsable little treasury of worthy prose-description gems. Whether you’re a professional writer or merely somebody who could use this book for the occasional descriptive touch in a school paper or personal letter, some of these patches of published description should offer a little tug of inspiration or—if that is too arch-literary a word—encouragement.

At the same time, the often evocative quotations are a constant reminder that apposite terminology is often only a starting point of good descriptive writing. It is how well the terms are used that counts for so much. From novelists to scientists to nature writers, many of the excerpts herein demonstrate abundantly how important a gift for combining or maximizing the forcefulness of salient words can be. Good writing often involves ineffably subtle touches and obliquities of style. An eye for the striking detail, a sense of phrasing, and the ability to conjure up a good simile or metaphor can make the difference between a commonplace description and an eminently quotable passage. Some of the passages remind us also that some of literature’s best portrayals of characters are rendered in a transparently simple, un-sensory diction that is not per se “descriptive.”

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