The Empire of Necessity (51 page)

  
5
. Kirker,
Adventures to China
, p. 73.

  
6
. Edward Cooke,
A Voyage to the South Sea and around the World in the Years 1708 to 1711
, 1712, New York: Da Capo Press, 1969; Woodes Rogers,
A Cruising Voyage round the World: First to the South-Seas
, London: A. Bell and B. Lintot, 1712.

  
7
. Augustus Earle,
A Narrative of a Nine Months’ Residence in New Zealand in 1827: Together with a Journal of a Residence in Tristan D’Acunha, an Island Situated between South America and the Cape of Good Hope
, London: Longman, 1832, p. 344.

  
8
. Samuel Johnson et al.,
The World Displayed; or, A Curious Collection of Voyages and Travels, Selected from the Writers of All Nations
, vol. 8, London: J. Newbery, 1760, p. 39; William Dowling,
A Popular Natural History of Quadrupeds and Birds
, London: James Burns, 1849, pp. 103–4.

  
9
. Robert K. Headland,
The Island of South Georgia
, Victoria: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 52.

10
. Delano,
Narrative
, p. 306.

11
. George Little,
Life on the Ocean; or, Twenty Years at Sea
, Boston: Waite, Peirce, 1844, pp. 106–7.

12
. George Staunton,
An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China: Including Cursory Observations Made, and Information Obtained in Travelling through That Ancient Empire, and a Small Part of Chinese Tartary,
London: G. Nicol, 1797, p. 236.

13
. William Jardine,
The Naturalist’s Library
, vol. 8, Edinburgh: W. H. Lizars, 1839, p. 222; Richard Phillips,
A Million of Facts, of Correct Data, and Elementary Constants in the Entire Circle of the Sciences and on All Subjects of Speculation and Practice
, London: Darton and Clark, 1840, pp. 172–73;
Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle
83 (1813): 339.

14
. Antoine-Joseph Pernety,
The History of a Voyage to the Malouine (or Falkland) Islands: Made in 1763 and 1764, under the Command of M. de Bougainville
, London: T. Jefferys, 1771, p. 203.

15
.
Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society
3 (1882): 148.

16
. Edmund Fanning,
Voyages round the World: With Selected Sketches
, New York: Collins and Hamay, 1833, p. 26.

17
. “Narrative of a Sealing and Trading Voyage in the Ship
Huron
, from New Haven, around the World, September, 1802, to October, 1806, by Joel Root, the Supercargo,”
Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society
5 (1894): 160.

18
. William Moulton,
A Concise Extract, from the Sea Journal of William Moulton
, Utica: n.p., 1804, p. 62.

19
.
The Voyage of the Neptune: 1796–1799
, exhibit pamphlet, New Haven Colony Historical Society, October 1996–June 1997; Edouard Stackpole,
The Sea-Hunters: The New England Whalemen during Two Centuries, 1635–1835
, New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1953, p. 192; Diary of David Forbes, New Haven Colony Historical Society, MSS 22, box 1, folder L; Francis Bacon Trowbridge,
The Trowbridge Genealogy: History of the Trowbridge Family in America
, New Haven: n.p., 1908, p. 76.

20
. “Letters of Sullivan Dorr,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
67 (October 1941–May 1944): 297–302.

21
. Kirker,
Adventures to China
, p. 70.

22
. Richard J. Cleveland,
Voyages and Commercial Enterprises, of the Sons of New England
, New York: Leavitt and Allen, 1857, p. 9; Briton Cooper Busch,
The War against the Seals: A History of the North American Seal Fishery
, Montreal: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 1985, p. 36.

14. ISOLATOS

  
1
.
Moby-Dick
, p. 916.

  
2
. Kirker,
Adventures to China
, p. 70.

  
3
. Stackpole,
Sea-Hunters
, p. 192.

  
4
. Kirker,
Adventures to China
, p. 77; Diary of David Forbes, May 2 and May 4, 1799.

  
5
. Diary of David Forbes, April 13, 1799.

  
6
. Rediker,
Between the Devil
, p. 218.

  
7
. Samuel Eliot Morison,
Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860
, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, pp. 319–24.

  
8
. Kirker,
Adventures to China
, p. 75; Eugenio Pereira Salas,
Los primeros contactos entre Chile y los Estados Unidos, 1778–1809
, Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello, 1971, pp. 146–47; ANC (Santiago), Capitanía General, vol. 375 (“Caso de la Venta del Bergantín Mentor,” June 14, 1804); “Letters of Sullivan Dorr,”
Proceedings
, p. 352. For
Strike
, see
Economic Review
5 (April 1895): 216; see also Rediker,
Between the Devil
, p. 205.

  
9
. Tim Severin,
In Search of Robinson Crusoe
, New York: Basic, 2002, p. 52. There is some uncertainty as to who the captain of the
Nancy
was during this incident. Most accounts suggest it was J. Crocker out of either Boston or New London. But Russian sealers, according to Glynn Barratt,
Russia and the South Pacific, 1696–1840: Southern and Eastern Polynesia
, vol. 2, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1988, p. 244, believed it was a captain named Adams. And Richard Cleveland, in
Voyages and Commercial Enterprises
, p. 212, lists the identity as “Captain H——.” There is also a discrepancy regarding the date, with some accounts saying the incident took place in 1805 and others in 1808. For the quotations, see Otto von Kotzebue,
A Voyage of Discovery, into the South Sea and Beering’s Straits
, vol. 1, London: Spottiswoode, 1821, p. 143.

10
. Ralph Paine,
The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem: The Record of a Brilliant Era of American Achievement
, New York: Outing Publishing Co., 1908, pp. 323–24.

11
. “Letters of Sullivan Dorr,” p. 361.

12
. Ibid., p. 352.

13
. “The Voyage of the Neptune,”
Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society
4 (1888): 48.

15. A TERRIFIC SOVEREIGNTY

  
1
. Moulton,
Concise Extract
, 1804.

  
2
. Rediker,
Between the Devil
, pp. 208, 218; Falconbridge,
Account
, p. 39.

  
3
.
Niles’ Weekly Register
48 (1835): 67; Cyrene M. Clark,
Glances at Life Upon the Sea, or Journal of a Voyage to the Antarctic Ocean: In the Brig Parana, of Sag Harbor, L.I., in the Years
′53 ′54;
Description of Sea-Elephant Hunting among the Icy Islands of South Shetland, Capture of Whales, Scenery in the Polar Regions, &c.
, Middletown: Charles H. Pelton, 1855, p. 49.

  
4
. Delano,
Narrative
, p. 291.

  
5
. “Narrative of a Sealing and Trading Voyage in the Ship
Huron
,” p. 163; Busch,
War against the Seals
, pp. 15–16. Nantucket Historical Association, Ships Logs Collection,
Topaz
.

16. SLAVERY HAS GRADES

  
1
. Anna Davis Hallowell,
James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters
, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1881, p. 32; Otelia Cromwell,
Lucretia Mott
, New York: Russell and Russell, 1958, p. 9. For the
Tryal
, see NARA (College Park), RG 76, Spain, Disallowed Claims, vol. 55,
Trial
or
Tryal
; ANC (Santiago), Capitanía General, vols. 789 and 908; see also ANC (Santiago), notary records, José María Sánchez, Valparaíso, May 18, 1802, and Escribanos de Valparaíso, vol. 24, April 29, 1802, and December 16, 1803. See Rogers,
Cruising Voyage
, pp. 140–80, for a firsthand account of a series of privateering raids in 1709 launched from Pacific islands on Spanish commercial ships, including two vessels carrying fifty African slaves en route from Panama to Lima. Carol Faulkner,
Lucretica Motts’ Heresy: Abolition and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth Century America
, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, p. 22.

  
2
. Peabody Essex Museum, 1800 Mashpee Census, miscellaneous bound documents, MSS 48, box 2, folder 16 (“Levi Mye the son of Newport half blood, has a numerous family by his first, of full blood and by his second wife, partly Negroe, has two or three children”).

  
3
. Jack Campisi,
The Mashpee Indians: Tribe on Trial
, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1991, p. 88; Peabody Essex Museum, 1800 Mashpee Census. For presettlement epidemics, as well as a more detailed discussion of the historiography on New England Native Americans during this period, see Nathaniel Philbrick,
Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War
, New York: Penguin, 2006, pp. 48–49; 372–73.

  
4
. Jean Hankins, “Solomon Briant and Joseph Johnson: Indian Teachers and Preachers in Colonial New England,”
Connecticut History
33 (1992): 49; Mark Nicholas, “Mashpee Wampanoags of Cape Cod, the Whalefishery, and Seafaring’s Impact on Community Development,”
American Indian Quarterly
26 (Spring 2002): 165–97. For Amos Haskins, see Daniel Vickers, “Nantucket Whalemen in the Deep-Sea Fishery: The Changing Anatomy of an Early American Labor Force,”
Journal of American History
72 (1985): 277–96.

  
5
. “Stephen Hall and Another versus Paul Gardner, Jun., & al.,” October term, 1804,
Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, 1851, pp. 172–80.

  
6
. James D. Schmidt, “‘Restless Movements Characteristic of Childhood’: The Legal Construction of Child Labor in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts,”
Law and History Review
23 (Summer 2005): 323. For the phrase “boundless license of removal”—that is, the right of masters to send their apprentices anywhere, see the case Commonwealth v. Edwards (which cites Hall et al. v. Gardner et al.) in Pennsylvania Supreme Court,
Reports of Cases … 1754–1845
, vol. 6, Philadelphia: Kay and Brothers, 1891, p. 204. Hall et al. v. Gardner et al. would be cited or mentioned in at least nineteen subsequent cases, in both northern and southern states (as well as Hawaii): Weeks v. Holmes (Mass. 1853); Randall v. Rotch (Mass. 1831); Coffin v. Bassett (Mass. 1824); Mason v. Waite (Mass. 1823); Davis v. Coburn (Mass. 1811); Brooks v. Byam (Mass. 1843); J. Nott & Co. v. Kanahele (Hawaii King. Jul Term 1877); In re Gip Ah Chan (Hawaii King. Aug Term 1870); W. B. Conkey Co. v. Goldman (Ill. App. 1 Dist. Dec 04, 1905); Vickere v. Pierce (Me. 1835); Futrell v. Vann (N.C. Jun Term 1848); Dyer v. Hunt (N.H. 1831); Overseers of Town of Guilderland v. Overseers of Town of Knox (N.Y. Sup. 1826); Commonwealth v. Edwards (Pa. 1813); Lobdell v. Allen (Mass. Oct Term 1857); Lord v. Pierce (Me. 1851); and Gill v. Ferris (Mo. Apr Term 1884). Thanks to Ron Brown, associate director for Collection Services at New York University School of Law Library, for providing these citations. Claiming that chattel slaves were really indentured servants was one way slave owners moving from a slave state to a free one tried to keep their property. One of the cases above, Commonwealth v. Edwards, citing Hall et al. v. Gardner et al., helped limit that practice. See Paul Finkelman,
An Imperfect Union: Slavery, Federalism, and Comity
, Clark: Lawbook Exchange, 2000, p. 58.