The Empire of Necessity (52 page)

  
7
.
Decisions at Chambers by Single Justices of the Supreme Court of the Hawaiian Islands
, Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1889, pp. 25–41.

  
8
. Despite his loss, Coffin continued to warmly defend Spanish Americans and taught many Spanish phrases to his daughter Lucretia, who would go on to be a prominent abolitionist and suffragist. See Faulkner,
Lucrecia Mott’s Heresy.

  
9
. AGN (Lima), notary records, Vicente de Aizcorbe, no. 72; 1802–3, ff. 642v–44.

INTERLUDE: A MERRY REPAST

1
. In
Billy Budd and Other Stories
, pp. 73, 78–79.

17. NIGHT OF POWER

  
1
. Evelyn Underhill,
Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Man’s Spiritual Consciousness
, London: Jack Books, 1980, pp. 81, 86; Reynold Alleyne Nicholson,
The Mystics of Islam
, London: George Bell, 1914, p. 20; Samar Attar,
Debunking the Myths of Colonization: The Arabs and Europe
, Lanham: University Press of America, 2010, p. 62; Cheikh Anta Mbacké Babou,
Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913
, Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007; Nile Green,
Sufism: A Global History
, Hoboken: John Wiley, 2012. E. E. Evans-Pritchard,
Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande
, London: Oxford University Press, 1937, p. 2.

  
2
. Ousman Murzik Kobo,
Unveiling Modernity in Twentieth-Century West African Islamic Reforms
, Leiden: Brill, 2012, p. 134; Lansiné Kapa,
The Wahhabiyya: Islamic Reform and Politics in French West Africa
, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974, p. 49.

  
3
. There is only one Arabic version of the Qur’an, with many English editions. I’ve used the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali,
The Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary
, Singapore: Muslim Converts’ Association, 1946. Court records differ on whether the rebellion occurred early in the morning of December 27 or December 28, 1804. Likewise there are two-day discrepancies between Delano’s dating of the rebellion and Cerreño’s. But Laylat al-Qadr can fall on the last ten odd-numbered days in Ramadan; December 28, 1804, converts in the Islamic calendar to the 25th of Ramadan, 1219. See Reis,
Slave Rebellion
, pp. 118–19, for a comparison with the Bahian Malê revolt. Port and tax documents found in ANC (Santiago), Contaduría Mayor, 1st ser., vols. 1993, 1998, 2335, 2338, and 2339, give the itinerary of the
Tryal
for 1804: July, Lima to Valparaiso and ports south; September, Valparaiso to Lima, carrying, among other cargo, an unnamed African male slave and an unnamed female slave brought overland from Buenos Aires to be sold in Lima; October 3, Lima to ports south, including Concepción; November 20, return from Concepción to ports north, carrying wheat, lard, cypress and pine planks, bottles and casks of wine, butter, cheese, oregano, pine nuts, chickens, and
fresadas
, or biscuits; December 2, arrival in Valparaiso. For the description of the early nineteenth-century traveler, see Schmidtmeyer,
Travels into Chile
, p. 208.

  
4
. W. Jeffrey Bolster,
Black Tars: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail
, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

  
5
. Concolorcorva,
El lazarillo
, pp. 250–51.

  
6
. For information on the Cerreños of Calañas, see the following documents in AMC (Calañas, Spain): legajo 252 (assorted resolutions 1827–94); legajos 202–3 (militia lists, 1771–1830); legajo 559 (asset holders, A–L); legajo 560 (ecclesiastical and other holdings); legajo 561 (tax lists covering years 1760–1850); legajo 562 (the
Unica Contribución
tax of 1771); legajo 1134 (sundry records of estate partitions and inheritance distribution); legajos 1129–30 (estate partitions and inheritance distribution, 1762–72); legajos 1092–95; 1099–1100 (notary records, 1757–1804). See also Antonio Ramírez Borrero,
Calañas en la segunda mitad del s. XVIII
, Huelva: Diputación Provincial, 1995; José de la Puente,
Historia marítima del Perú: La independencia de 1790–1826
, part 5, vol. 2, Lima: Editorial Ausonis, 1972, p. 168. For Cerreño’s ongoing indebtedness to his Peruvian creditors, see AGN (Lima), notary record, Francisco Munárriz, no. 453, f. 432 (“Obligación a Don Juan Ignacio Rotalde”). Cerreño’s cousin, Ramón Marques, was also involved in the financing of the
Tryal
; see AGN (Lima), notary record, Vicente de Aizcorbe, no. 72, ff. 642v–644r. For his cousin’s coming to Cerreño’s aid, see AGN (Lima), notary record, José Escudero de Sicilia, no. 214, ff. 980r–981v and 1048r–1049r. For Cerreño serving as guardian of Marques’s daughters after Marques’s death, see AGN (Lima), notary record, Francisco Munárriz, no. 453, f. 428r.

  
7
. Henriette Lucie Dillon La Tour du Pin Gouvernet,
Journal d’une femme de cinquante ans
, vol. 2, Paris: Chapelot, 1912, p. 18; Alice Kenney,
The Gansevoorts of Albany: Dutch Patricians in the Upper Hudson Valley
, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969, pp. 80–107;
Albany Gazette
, November 25, 1793, reprinted in the
New-York Daily Gazette
, November 25, 1793; “Examination of Bet Negro Female Slave of Philip S. Van Rensselaer, Esquire,” New York State Library, Manuscripts and Special Collections;
Albany Chronicles: A History of the City Arranged Chronologically, from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time; Illustrated with Many Historical Pictures of Rarity and Reproductions of the Robert C. Pruyn Collection of the Mayors of Albany
, Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1906, p. 384.

  
8
. Cristina Soriano, “Rumors of Change: Repercussions of Caribbean Turmoil and Social Conflicts in Venezuela (1790–1810),” PhD dissertation, New York University, 2011, p. 151.

  
9
. Ada Ferrer, “Haiti, Free Soil, and Antislavery in the Revolutionary Atlantic,”
American Historical Review
117 (2012): 40–66.

10
.
Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade: Paul Erdmann Isert’s Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788)
, trans. and ed. Selena Axelrod Winsnes, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 180.

11
. I thank Jennifer Lofkrantz, who in a personal communication provided information on slavery and Islamic law in West Africa.

18. THE STORY OF THE
SAN JUAN

  
1
. María Luisa Laviana Cuetos,
Guayaquil en el siglo XVIII: Recursos naturales y desarrollo económico
, Seville: CSIC, 1987, p. 292. For the free and enslaved people of color in Guayaquil’s shipyards, see Lawrence Clayton,
Caulkers and Carpenters in a New World: The Shipyards of Colonial Guayaquil
, Athens: Center for International Studies, Ohio University, 1980. The
San Juan
’s West Africans might have arrived in Montevideo on one of the following two ships: the
Rainbow
, which arrived in August 1800 carrying ninety-one slaves (AGN-A, Sala IX, 18-8-11; thanks to Alex Borucki for the citation), or the
Astigarraga
, owned by the Montevidean merchant José Ramón Milá de la Roca, which came into Montevideo on June 15, 1800, carrying fifty-eight Senegalese. See AGI (Seville), Buenos Aires, 483 (“Testimonio de Ramón Milá de la Roca,” May 29, 1807), f. 11. For the
San Juan
’s cargo, as well as its alias,
God’s Blessing
, see the “Derechos de Alcaldía” and “Derechos de Almojarifazgo” documents in AGN (Buenos Aires), Sala XIII, 39-9-3, Aduana Montevideo, for the months September through November 1800. For Rotalde, see Patricia Marks,
Deconstructing Legitimacy: Viceroys, Merchants, and the Military in Late Colonial Peru
, University Park: Penn State University Press, 2007, p. 32. For Ollague, see Ronald Escobedo Mansilla, Ana de Zaballa Beascoechea, and Óscar Álvarez Gila, eds.,
Comerciantes, mineros y nautas: Los vascos en la economía americana
, Bilbao: Servicio Editorial, Universidad del País Vasco, 1996, p. 86.

  
2
.
Telégrafo Mercantil
, December 16, 1801. The French colonial archives contain nine documents related to this revolt, dated from 1816, when the ship’s Peruvian owner took advantage of the fall of Napoleon (and the “return of the august House of Bourbon to the throne of its ancestors, which restored the ancient relationship between the monarchies of Spain and France”) to win compensation for its loss. See Archives nationales d’outre mer (Aix-en-Provence, France), Fonds Ministeriel, Series Geographique, Senegal Papers, series 6, dossier 3. Mention of the event is also found in “Correspondance du gouverneur Blanchot (François Emilie de Verly), gouverneur de Gorée et du Sénégal de 1786 á 1807, avec le ministre (an X/1808),” located in Fonds Ministerial, in the subcategory Sénégal et Côtes d’Afrique—Sous-série C
⁶
1588/1810.

  
3
. Eric Robert Taylor,
If We Must Die in This Way
, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002, p. 172; see also David Richardson, “Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade,”
William and Mary Quarterly
58 (January 2001): 69–92.

  
4
.
Letters on West Africa
, p. 176; Taylor,
If We Must Die
, p. 110. Johannes Postma,
The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 167, writes that the explosion was caused by a cannon blast from a hostile ship.

  
5
. For Saint-Louis around this time, see Howard Brown, “The Search for Stability,” in
Taking Liberties: Problems of a New Order from the French Revolution to Napoleon
, ed. Howard Brown and Judith Miller, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 37. See also George Brooks,
Yankee Traders, Old Coasters, and African Middlemen: A History of American Legitimate Trade with West Africa in the Nineteenth Century
, Boston: Boston University Press, 1970; Lucie Gallistel Colvin,
Historical Dictionary of Senegal
, Scarecrow Press / Metuchen, 1981, pp. 81–98. For Charbonnier, see Sylvain Sankalé,
À la mode du pays: Chroniques saint-lousiennes d’Antoine François Feuiltaine, Saint-Louis du Sénégal, 1788–1835
, Paris: Riveneuve, 2007; Léon Diouf,
Église locale et crise africaine: Le diocèse de Dakar
, Paris: Karthala, 2001; Joseph-Roger de Benoist,
Histoire de l’Eglise catholique au Sénégal du milieu du XVe siècle à l’aube du troisième millénaire
, Paris: Karthala, 2008; Martin Klein, “Slaves, Gum, and Peanuts: Adaptation to the End of the Slave Trade in Senegal, 1817–48,”
William and Mary Quarterly
66 (October 1999): 895–914; Philip Curtin,
Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade
, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975; James Searing,
West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce: The Senegal River Valley, 1700–1860
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. For Spaniards’ still taking slaves out of Saint-Louis despite abolition, at least prior to the tenure of Charbonnier, see AGI (Seville), Buenos Aires, 483 (“Testimonio de Ramón Mila, de la Roca,” May 29, 1807). For Charbonnier’s troubled administration, see Archives du Sénégal, Dakar, Sous-Série 3 B 1 “Correspondance depart du Gourverneur du Sénégal à toutes personnes autres que le Ministre (1788–1893)” 3 B 1, documents 91 to 104.