The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (124 page)

106.
Fraser and Jeeves (eds.),
All That Glittered
, p. 123.

107.
Milner to Lyttelton, 2 May 1904, Headlam,
Milner Papers 1899–1905
, p. 523. Lyttelton was Colonial Secretary succeeding Chamberlain.

108.
For the labour question, see
D. Yudelman
,
The Emergence of Modern South Africa: State, Capital and the Incorporation of Organised Labour on the South African Gold Fields, 1902–1939
(Cape Town, 1984), ch. 2.

109.
For Natal, see David Torrance,
The Strange Death of the Liberal Empire
(1996), p. 145. Thompson,
Unification
, remains the authoritative account of white politics after 1902.

110.
Mss Fitzpatrick A/LB IV: Fitzpatrick to G. Cox, 3 May 1904.

111.
Smuts to J. X. Merriman, 30 August 1906,
Smuts Papers
, vol. II, p. 298.

112.
Fraser and Jeeves (eds.),
All That Glittered
, p. 145; Yudelman,
Emergence
, pp. 62, 65.

113.
Mss Fitzpatrick A/LB I: Fitzpatrick to Julius Wernher, 5 June 1902.

114.
See, for example, Smuts to J. X. Merriman, 13 March, 30 August, 23 December 1906,
Smuts Papers
, vol. II, pp. 242–3, 298, 309.

115.
Mss Selborne 71: Selborne to Lionel Curtis, 11 November 1907.

116.
Mss Selborne 9: Selborne to J. Chamberlain, 24 February 1908.

117.
Mss Selborne 71: Selborne to Walter Long, 21 December 1907; to E. Pretyman, 13 January 1909.

118.
For Selborne’s ideas, see Torrance,
Strange Death
, pp. 180–92.

119.
Mss Selborne 5: Selborne to (fourth) Marquess of Salisbury, 18 May 1907.

120.
Mss Selborne 6: same to same, 22 August 1908; Fraser and Jeeves (eds.),
All That Glittered
, p. 172.

121.
Torrance,
Strange Death
, pp. 155ff.

122.
For Progressive divisions, see Jagger Library, University of Cape Town, Mss Patrick Duncan, D.16.1: Patrick Duncan to L. S. Amery, 29 June 1908.

123.
For Fitzpatrick's initial opposition, see Fraser and Jeeves (eds.),
All That Glittered
, p. 172.

Chapter 7

1.
PP 1904 Cd. 1789, Royal Commission on the War in South Africa [RCWSA],
Report
(1903), Appendix D, p. 225: Memo by Secretary of State for War, 1 June 1891.

2.
This distribution is based on PP 1897 (349),
Statistical Report on the Health of the Navy: 1896
.

3.
See A. Preston and J. Major,
Send a Gunboat
(1967).

4.
RCWSA,
Report
, Appendix D, p. 289: Memo by Lord Lansdowne, 4 December 1896. There were also the Guards regiments.

5.
See WO 33/256, 23 December 1902: ‘The Cost of Principal British Wars 1857–1899’.

6.
C. E. Callwell,
Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice
(3rd edn, 1906), p. 76.

7.
RCWSA,
Report
, Appendix D, p. 213: Minute by Lord Wolseley, 22 February 1896.

8.
W. R. Langer
,
European Alliances and Alignments 1871–1890
(2nd edn, New York, 1950), p. 400: Salisbury to Queen Victoria, 10 February 1887.

9.
Bodl. Mss Selborne Box 12: Milner to Lord Selborne, 31 January 1900.

10.
PP 1904 Cd. 1790, RCWSA,
Evidence
, vol. 1, p. 175, Q.4134 (Sir E. Wood), 29 October 1902.

11.
L. S. Amery,
The Times History of the War in South Africa
(1902), vol. II, p. 41.

12.
M. Howard,
The Continental Commitment
(1974), p. 19.

13.
D. G. Boyce (ed.),
The Crisis of British Power: The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1895–1910
(1990), pp. 105–6: Selborne to Hicks Beach, 29 December 1900.

14.
Boyce,
Crisis
, pp. 124–6: Memo by Selborne, 4 September 1901.

15.
Boyce,
Crisis
, p. 115: Selborne to Curzon, 10 April 1901.

16.
G. Monger,
The End of Isolation
(1963), p. 64: Balfour to Lansdowne, 12 December 1901.

17.
Boyce,
Crisis
, p. 154: Selborne to Curzon, 4 January 1903.

18.
R. Williams,
Defending the Empire: The Conservative Party and British Defence Policy 1899–1915
(1991), ch. 4.

19.
A. J. Marder,
Fear God and Dread Nought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone
, 2 vols. (1956);
R. F. Mackay
,
Fisher of Kilverstone
(Oxford, 1974).

20.
Boyce,
Crisis
, p. 190: Cabinet memo by Selborne, 6 December 1904, ‘Distribution and Mobilization of the Fleet’.

21.
Marder,
Fear God
, vol. II, p. 59.

22.
D. Gillard,
The Struggle for Asia 1828–1914
(1977), p. 176.

23.
For a brilliant contemporary expression, see A. Colquhoun,
1912: Germany and Sea Power
(1909).

24.
N. Tracy
(ed.),
The Collective Naval Defence of the Empire, 1900–1940
(Navy Records Society, 1997), p. 92.

25.
See
D. C. Gordon
,
Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defence
(Baltimore, 1965).

26.
See
I. L. D. Forbes
, ‘German Informal Imperialism in South America before 1914’,
Economic History Review
, New Series,
31
, 3 (1978), 396–8.

27.
For a recent interpretation along these lines, see
B. B. Hayes
,
Bismarck and Mitteleuropa
(Toronto, 1994).

28.
See
I. N. Lambi
,
The Navy and German Power Politics
(Boston, 1983), pp. 426–7.

29.
For Russian expansion in Asia, see
D. Geyer
,
Russian Imperialism: The Interaction of Domestic and Foreign Policy 1860–1914
(Eng. trans., Leamington, 1987), ch. 9.

30.
For a brilliant study, see
A. Rieber
, ‘Persistent Factors in Russian Foreign Policy’, in
H. Ragsdale
(ed.),
Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
(Cambridge, 1993).

31.
Rieber, ‘
Factors
’, pp. 343ff.

32.
Russian attempts to prevent the Austrian annexation of Bosnia ended in diplomatic humiliation.

33.
See D. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins of the First World War
(1983).

34.
D. Lieven
,
Russia's Rulers under the Old Regime
(New Haven, 1989), p. 228.

35.
Grand Admiral Von Tirpitz,
My Memoirs
(Eng. trans., 1919), pp. 178–9.

36.
D. A. Yerxa
,
Admirals and Empire: The United States Navy and the Caribbean 1898–1945
(Columbia, SC, 1991), p. 20. This was in February 1903.

37.
See
D. McCullough
,
The Path between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870–1914
(New York, 1977).

38.
See K. Bourne,
Britain and the Balance of Power in North America
(1967).

39.
H. and M. Sprout,
Towards a New Order of Sea Power
(1944), p. 288.

40.
See
P. Calvert
,
The Mexican Revolution 1910–1914: The Diplomacy of Anglo-American Conflict
(Cambridge, 1968);
F. Katz
,
The Secret War in Mexico
(Chicago, 1981), p. 68, for the scare of 10,000 Japanese invading the United States.

41.
Yerxa,
Admirals and Empire
, ch. 2.

42.
W. Tilchin
,
Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire
(New York, 1997), p. 236.

43.
Ibid.
, p. 237.

44.
J. A. S. Grenville
, ‘Diplomacy and War Plans in the United States, 1890–1917’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
5th Series,
11
(1961), 1–21.

45.
P. P. O’Brien
,
British and American Sea Power 1900–1936
(Westport, CT, 1998), chs. 3, 5.

46.
G. P. Gooch and H. Temperley (eds.),
British Documents on the Origins of the First World War
12 vols. (
1927–38
), vol. III, pp. 402–3: Memo by Eyre Crowe, 1 January 1907.

47.
A. J. Marder
,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: vol. I, The Road to War 1904–14
(Oxford, 1961), p. 322.

48.
E. W. R. Lumby
(ed.),
Policy and Operations in the Mediterranean 1912–1914
(Navy Records Society, 1970), pp. 62ff.: Committee of Imperial Defence, 117th meeting, 4 July 1912.

49.
See Lumby,
Mediterranean
, pp. 24–30, for Churchill's memo, ‘
The Naval Situation in the Mediterranean
’, 15 June 1912, and pp. 32–3, for the Admiralty memo of 21 June 1912.

50.
New Zealand National Archives, Wellington, Sir James Allen Papers, Box 14: Nelson
Evening Mail
, 29 November 1912.

51.
New Zealand National Archives, Sir James Allen Papers Box 14: Speech at Vancouver, 15 May 1913.

52.
Tracy,
Collective Naval Defence
, p. 198.

53.
PP 1913 (30),
Return of Net Income and Expenditure of British India, 1901–1911
, pp. 475–7: net military expenditure of the Government of India, £20.6 million (1904–5), £19.1 million (1909–10), £19.5 million (1911–12). Between £4 million and £5 million was spent annually in Britain.

54.
Gooch and Temperley,
British Documents
, vol. 10, p. 534: Grey to Goschen (Berlin), 13 June 1913.

55.
Ibid.
, ch. xcv.

56.
See P. Lowe,
Great Britain and Japan 1911–1915
(1969).

57.
D. Gillard (ed.),
British Documents on Foreign Affairs
, Part 1, Series B,
The Near and Middle East 1856–1914
(1984), vol. 14,
Persia, Britain and Russia 1907–1914
, pp. 358–65: Townley (Teheran) to Grey, 21 December 1913 encl. Smart (Tabriz) to Townley, 18 November 1913.

58.
Gooch and Temperley,
British Documents
, vol. 10, p. 38: Hardinge (Viceroy of India) to Nicolson (Foreign Office), 29 March 1911.

59.
Production of crude steel, 1910 (in metric tonnes): Britain: 6,476,000; Germany: 13,100,000; United States: 26,514,000. B. R. Mitchell,
International Historical Statistics: Europe 1750–1988
(3rd edn, 1992), p. 457; Mitchell,
International Historical Statistics: The Americas 1750–1988
(2nd edn, 1993), p. 353.

60.
R. C. Michie,
The City of London
(1992), p. 73.

61.
See
R. C. O. Matthews
,
C. H. Feinstein
and
J. C. Odling-Smee
,
British Economic Growth 1856–1973
(Stanford, 1982), p. 440, Figs. 14.7, 14.8.

62.
W. Woodruff,
The Impact of Western Man
(1966), p. 313.