The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (121 page)

163.
For Seeley's opposition to Irish Home Rule, see
J. Roach
, ‘Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia’,
Historical Journal
(1957), 58–81.

164.
See A. Jones and B. Jones, ‘The Welsh World and the British Empire c.1851–1939: An Exploration’, in Bridge and Fedorowich (eds.),
The British World
, pp. 57–81.

165.
See
D. MacKay
,
The Square Mile: Merchant Princes of Montreal
(Vancouver, 1987).

166.
K. Fedorowich
, ‘The British Empire on the Move, 1760–1914’, in
S. Stockwell
(ed.),
The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives
(Oxford, 2008), p. 85.

167.
See
B. S. Elliott
, ‘Emigration from South Leinster to Eastern Upper Canada’, in
D. H. Akenson
(ed.),
Canadian Papers in Rural History
, vol.
VIII
(Gananoque, Ontario, 1992), pp. 277–306.

168.
Fedorowich, ‘British Empire on the Move’, p. 83.

169.
For D’Arcy McGee, see
Dictionary of Canadian Biography
(online version); for Gavan Duffy and Coghlan, see
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Chapter 5

1.
Indian exports were worth Rupees 329 million (1860) and Rs 2,490 million (1913).
D. Kumar
(ed.),
Cambridge Economic History of India
(Cambridge, 1982), vol.
II
, pp. 833–4, 837

2.
S. B. Saul
,
Studies in British Overseas Trade
(Liverpool, 1960), p. 62.

3.
Railway mileage in India: 20 (1853), 4,771 (1870), 15,842 (1890), 23,627 (1900). See I. J. Kerr,
Building the Railways of the Raj 1850–1900
(Delhi, 1997), pp. 211–12.

4.
PP LVIII, 847 (1900): East India (
Return of Wars and Military Operations Wars on or beyond the Borders of British India
), pp. 2–15;
ibid
. (1908), p. 1.

5.
See
M. Adas
,
The Burma Delta
(Madison, 1971).

6.
See
Claude Markovits
, ‘Indian Merchant Networks’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
33
, 4 (1999), 883–911 at 892.

7.
C. Markovits
, ‘Indian Communities in China’, in
R. Bickers
and
C. Henriot
(eds.),
New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953
(Manchester, 2000), pp. 55–74.

8.
W. S. Churchill,
My African Journey
(1908), ch. 3, for Churchill's opinions.

9.
PP 1893–4, LXV, 16,
Report of Committee on Indian Currency
.

10.
Cambridge Economic History of India
, vol. II, p. 940.

11.
B. R. Tomlinson,
The Political Economy of the Raj 1914–1949
(1949), p. 19.

12.
Cd. 131 (1900),
Report of the Royal Commission on the Administration of the Expenditure of India
(the ‘Welby Report’), vol. I, p. 79.

13.
Lord Curzon
,
Speeches in India
(Calcutta, 1900), vol.
I
, p. xiii.

14.
Ibid
., p. xi.

15.
Salisbury to Sir Henry Northcote (Bombay), 8 June 1900. R. L. Greaves,
Persia and the Defence of India 1884–1892
(1959), p. 16.

16.
Consulates paid for by the Indian government were set up at Mohammerah (1890), Kerman (1895), Seistan (1899), Shiraz (1903), Bandar Abbas (1904) and the Makran (1905).

17.
Despatch from GoI to Secretary of State for India, 2 November 1892. PP 1893–4 LXIII,
Further Papers Respecting Proposed Changes in the Indian Army System
, C. 6987 (1893), pp. 5–9.

18.
Welby Report, pp. 126–7.

19.
Lord Rosebery had insisted on this in 1895. Welby Report, vol. I, p. 116.

20.
Lord George Hamilton to Elgin, 12 August 1897.
P. L. Malhotra
,
The Administration of Lord Elgin in India
(New Delhi, 1979), p. 159.

21.
The number of letters and postcards exchanged between Britain and India, reported the Islington Commission, rose from 8.5 million in 1901–2 to 27 million in 1911–12:
Report of Royal Commission on Public Services in India
, Cd 8382 (1917), p. 12.

22.
See
T. Raychaudhuri
,
Europe Reconsidered
(Delhi, 1988), especially the essay on Bhudev Mukhopadhyay.

23.
J. B. Fuller
,
The Empire of India
(1913), p. 275. Fuller's figure is 687.

24.
B. Cohn
, ‘The Census, Social Structure and Objectification in South Asia’, in his
An Anthropologist among the Historians
(Delhi, 1987).

25.
See E. Gellner,
Nations and Nationalism
(1983).

26.
As an embattled Indian Secretary complained: Viscount Morley,
Recollections
(1914), vol. II, pp. 211, 256.

27.
For this evolution, see E. Stokes,
The English Utilitarians and India
(1959), Part IV, ch. 3;
J. Roach
, ‘Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia’,
Cambridge Historical Journal
,
13
, 1 (1957), 58–81.

28.
A term only applied much later to ‘Eurasians’ of mixed Indian and European parentage.

29.
3rd edn (1894). Chesney had been Secretary in the military department of the Indian government, and a member of the Viceroy's Council. He was MP for Oxford 1892–5.

30.
Indian Polity
, p. 389.

31.
Ibid.
, p. 390.

32.
Hunter to A. P. Watt, 10 June 1897. F. H. Skrine,
The Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter
(1901), p. 468.

33.
W. W. Hunter,
History of British India
(1899), vol. I, introduction.

34.
Welby Report vol. I, p. 111.

35.
Speech in House of Common, 8 August.
F. Madden
and
D. K. Fieldhouse
(eds.),
The Dependent Empire and Ireland: Select Documents in the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth
, vol.
V
(Westport, CT, 1991), p. 114.

36.
For Lord Salisbury's view, Madden,
Select Documents
, vol. V, p. 99, n. 1.

37.
It was likely to alienate the Raj's closest Indian allies.

38.
H. H. Risley,
The People of India
[1908] (2nd edn, 1915), p. 283 (Risley was the Indian government's census expert).

39.
A. Seal
,
The Emergence of Indian Nationalism
(Cambridge, 1968), pp. 246ff.

40.
Bengal District Administration Report (1913), cited in
J. H. Broomfield
,
Mostly about Bengal
(New Delhi, 1982), p. 4.

41.
See
T. Raychaudhuri
,
Europe Reconsidered
(New Delhi, 1988).

42.
R. C. Palit
(ed.),
Speeches by Babu Surendra Nath Banerjea 1876–1880
(Calcutta, 1891), vol.
I
, p. 8.

43.
Palit,
Speeches
, vol. I, p. 223.

44.
Palit
,
Speeches
(Calcutta, 1894), vol.
II
, p. 60 (14 January 1884).

45.
Ibid.
, vol, I, p. 119.

46.
J. R. B. Jeejeebhoy
(ed.),
Some Unpublished and Later Speeches of Sir Pherozeshah Mehta
(Bombay, 1918), p. 30.

47.
B. R. Nanda
,
Gokhale
(New Delhi, 1977), p. 125.

48.
Ibid.
, pp. 22ff.

49.
‘An Appreciation by Babu Aurobindo Ghose’, in
The Writings and Speeches of B. G. Tilak
(Madras, 1919), p. 6.

50.
R. I. Cashman
,
The Myth of the Lokmanya
(Berkeley, 1975), pp. 54–6.

51.
Described cautiously by Gandhi as a ‘misguided patriot’, and later by J. Nehru as a ‘predatory adventurer’. Cashman,
The Lokmanya
, pp. 121–2.

52.
I have adopted this term from Irish history. See E. Curtis,
A History of Ireland
(1936), ch. 10.

53.
See
chapter 2
above.

54.
Seal,
Indian Nationalism
, p. 179.

55.
Palit
(ed.),
Speeches
(Calcutta, 1896). vol.
V
.

56.
Ibid.

57.
Macdonnell to (Viceroy) Elgin, 16 July 1897. Bodl. Mss Eng. Hist. c.353.

58.
Chesney,
Indian Polity
, p. 385.

59.
Skrine,
Hunter
, p. 388.

60.
See
D. Rothermund
, ‘Emancipation or Reintegration: The Politics of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Herbert Hope Risley’, in
D. A. Low
(ed.),
Soundings in Modern South Asian History
(1968), pp. 131–58.

61.
See
Imran Ali
,
The Punjab under Imperialism 1885–1947
(Princeton, 1988).

62.
D. Gilmartin,
Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan
(1988), pp. 13–24; P. M. H. van den Dungen,
The Punjab Tradition
(1972).

63.
G. Johnson
,
Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism
(Cambridge, 1973), p. 64.

64.
See Macdonnell to Elgin, 16 July 1897, Bodl. Mss Eng. Hist. c.353: the question was whether recent unrest amounted to ‘a general movement of the country against us’.

65.
D. Dilks,
Curzon in India
(1969), vol. I, pp. 64–5.

66.
S. Gopal
,
British Policy in India 1858–1905
(Cambridge, 1965), p. 255.

67.
Lord Ronaldshay,
The Life of Lord Curzon
(1928) vol. II, p. 89.

68.
Thomas R. Metcalf
,
Ideologies of the Raj
(Cambridge, 1995), pp. 151ff.

69.
For a summary, see
Report of Calcutta University Commission
(1919), vol. I, pp. 65ff.

70.
Risley to Curzon, 7 February 1904,
D. Banerjee
,
Aspects of Administration in Bengal 1898–1912
(New Delhi, 1980), p. 61.

71.
Curzon to Secretary of State for India, 17 February 1904. Banerjee,
Aspects
, p. 61.

72.
Curzon to Secretary of State for India, 2 February 1905,
F. Madden
and
J. Darwin
(eds.).
The Dominions and India since 1900: Select Documents in the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth
(Westport, CT, 1993), pp. 660–1.

73.
R. Guha
, ‘Discipline and Mobilize’, in
P. Chatterjee
and
G. Pandey
(eds.),
Subaltern Studies
(1992), vol.
VII
, pp. 76–90. Even Banerjea urged social boycott to coerce backsliders.