The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (132 page)

194.
FO 371/13841, Minute by J. Murray, 13 June 1929.

195.
Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford, Killearn Collection: Lampson's diary, 18 April 1935.

196.
See the account by T. Swedenburg, ‘The Role, of the Palestine Peasantry in the Great Revolt of 1936–1939’, in Ilan Pappé (ed.),
The Israel/Palestine Question
(1999), p. 143.

197.
Ibid
., p. 144.

198.
See Butrus Abu-Manneh, ‘The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century’, in Pappé (ed.),
Israel/Palestine Question
, p. 46.

199.
M. E. Yapp (ed.),
Politics and Diplomacy in Egypt: The Diaries of Sir Miles Lampson 1935–1937
(1997), p. 392 (11 December 1935).

200.
See the Cabinet discussions on 6 and 20 May 1936 in FO 371/20106, 20108.

201.
FO 371/20110, Conclusions of Cabinet Anglo-Egyptian Relations Committee, 15 June 1936.

202.
Ibid
., 16 June 1936.

203.
FO 371/20111, Memo by Foreign Secretary, 19 June 1936.

204.
Ibid
.

205.
Cmd. 5308 (1936), Map to Illustrate the Treaty of Alliance with Egypt.

206.
FO 371/22006, Lampson to Halifax, 30 June 1938.

207.
FO 371/22006, Annual Report for 1937, 30 June 1938.

208.
FO 371/20109, Lampson to Foreign Office, 28 May 1936.

209.
S. J. Potter
, ‘The BBC, the CBC, and the Royal Tour of Canada, 1939’,
Cultural and Social History
,
3
(2006), 432.

Chapter 11

1.
A. Toynbee and F. Ashton-Gwatkin (eds.),
Survey of International Affairs: The World in March 1939
(1952), pp. 454–6.

2.
For an up-to-date account, see
A. Best
,
British Intelligence and the Japanese Challenge in Asia, 1914–1941
(Basingstoke, 2002), chs. 6, 7.

3.
Toynbee and Ashton-Gwatkin (eds.),
The World in March 1939
, pp. 454–6.

4.
See R. Boyce, ‘World Depression, World War: Some Economic Origins of the Second World War’, in R. Boyce and E. M. Robertson (eds.),
Paths to War
(1989), pp. 55–95.

5.
See A. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
(2006), for a brilliant description of the policies pursued by Schacht.

6.
For the dilemmas and opportunities of Japanese economic policy in the 1930s, see C. Howe,
The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy
(1996), ch. 6.

7.
H. James,
The End of Globalisation
(2001), p. 199.

8.
M. J. Bonn,
The Crumbling of Empire
(1938), pp. 194–5.

9.
For this analysis, see League of Nations,
The Network of World Trade
(1942), p. 95.

10.
For the general setting, see M. Mazower,
Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century
(1998), ch. 1.

11.
If Hitler's New Order triumphed, ‘we should be the blockaded party’. E. Staley, ‘The Myth of the Continents’ (first published in
Foreign Affairs
, April 1941) in H. Weigert and V. Stefansson (eds.),
The Compass of the World
(1943), p. 99.

12.
J. Darwin, ‘Imperialism in Decline?’,
Historical Journal
, 23, 3 (1980), 673–7.

13.
For a passionate (Indian) statement of this view, see K. M. Pannikar,
India and the Indian Ocean
(1945).

14.
M. Ceadel
,
Semi-Detached Idealists
(Oxford, 2000), p. 346.

15.
See N. Angell,
The Defence of Empire
(1937).

16.
University of Texas at Austin, Harry Ransome Humanities Centre, J. L. Garvin Papers: Lothian to J. L. Garvin, 29 October 1936, 18 November 1937; L. S. Amery to Garvin, 23 March, 10 June, 26 October 1936; Grigg to Garvin, 7 February 1938.

17.
See E. H. Carr,
The Twenty Years Crisis
[1939] (new edn, 2001), p. lxxvi;
C. Jones
,
E. H. Carr and International Relations: A Duty to Lie
(Cambridge, 1998), p. 61.

18.
For a brilliant discussion of this theme in Liddell Hart, see
A. Gat
,
Fascist and Liberal Theories of War
(Oxford, 2000), pp. 146–265.

19.
CAB 27/599, Cabinet Memo by Anthony Eden, 11 February 1936, enclosing Note by Vansittart, 3 February 1936.

20.
J. Neidpath
,
The Singapore Naval Base and the Defence of Britain's Eastern Empire
(Oxford, 1981), p. 131.

21.
CAB 24/270, Memo by Chancellor of Exchequer, 25 June 1937.

22.
For Eden's views on Japan, see
M. Murfett
,
Fool-Proof Relations: The Search for Anglo-American Naval Co-operation during the Chamberlain Years
(Singapore, 1984), pp. 157–61.

23.
For an early expression of his views on Japan, see Chamberlain to Simon, 1 September 1934,
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 2nd series, vol. XIII, pp. 24–32.

24.
For the pessimistic calculations of the Chiefs of Staff, see their memo, ‘Military Implications of German Aggression against Czechoslovakia’, March 1938. CAB 27/627. Intriguingly, the Chiefs of Staff did not consider the possibility of a Soviet alliance.

25.
J. Maiolo
,
The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany, 1933–1939
(Basingstoke and London, 1998), pp. 155–6.

26.
W. Murray
,
The Change in the European Balance of Power 1938–1939
(Princeton, 1984), pp. 247, 363.

27.
Maiolo,
Royal Navy and Nazi Germany
, p. 156.

28.
Except for the section given to Poland.

29.
The authoritative study is
S. Newman
,
March 1939: The British Guarantee to Poland
(Oxford, 1976).

30.
I. Cowan
,
Dominion or Decline: Anglo-American Naval Relations in the Pacific 1937–1941
(Oxford, 1996), pp. 144–5.

31.
CAB 27/627. Report by Chiefs of Staff Sub-committee on Far East Situation, 18 June 1939.

32.
Ibid
.

33.
See
P. Lowe
,
Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War 1937–41
(Oxford, 1977), pp. 73–89.

34.
Maiolo,
Royal Navy and Nazi Germany
, p. 183.

35.
CAB 24/287, CP 149 (39), Note on Financial Situation, 3 July 1939.

36.
CAB 23/100, Cabinet 36 (39), 5 July 1939.

37.
Canadian House of Commons Debates
, vol. 220, p. 2422, col. 2 (30 March 1939).

38.
Ibid
., p. 2467, col. 2 (31 March 1939).

39.
For the strength of ‘Britannic’ feeling in Ontario, see
Terry Copp
, ‘Ontario 1939: The Decision for War’,
Ontario History
,
86
(1974), 269–78.

40.
‘We have … been relegated to the role of a Crown Colony’, raged Oscar Skelton, head of the External Affairs department, in his memorandum of 25 August 1939.
J. Munro
(ed.),
Documents on Canadian External Relations
(Ottawa, 1972), vol.
6
, pp. 1247–9.

41.
Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates
, vol. 159, p. 198, col. 2 (9 May 1939). Quoted in speech by Sir H. Gullett, the external affairs minister.

42.
R. G. Menzies, in
Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates
, vol. 159, p. 234, col. 1 (9 May 1939). For Menzies’ statement of 6 September 1939, see
ibid
., vol. 161, pp. 28–36.

43.
New Zealand Parliament Debates
, vol. 254, p. 20 (5 September 1939).

44.
For Hertzog's views, see
C. M. van den Heever
,
General J. B. M. Hertzog
(English trans., Johannesburg, 1946), pp. 275–86.

45.
University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan Papers E.10.19.1, 4, Duncan to Lady Duncan, 1, 4 September 1939.

46.
See South Africa House of Assembly,
Debates
, vol. 36, 4 September 1939.

47.
See the ‘Neutrality Debate’, 2 September 1939, in
Dail Eireann Parliamentary Debates
.

48.
PP XX (1938–9), Cmd. 6121,
India and the War
, Appendix C, Resolution by All-India Congress Committee, 10 October 1939.

49.
See the Nehru–Jinnah correspondence in
J. Nehru
,
A Bunch of Old Letters
(Bombay, 1958), pp. 392–4, 403–10.

50.
See Chamberlain to Churchill, 16 September 1939; Churchill to Chamberlain, 18 September 1939; Military Co-ordination Committee, Minutes, 5 December 1939, in M. Gilbert (ed.),
The Churchill War Papers
, vol. I,
At the Admiralty
(1993), pp. 101, 111, 466.

51.
Fortune
, July 1940, p. 136.

52.
Churchill to Roosevelt, 24 December 1939. Gilbert,
War Papers
, vol. I, p. 560.

53.
Fortune
, July 1940, p. 138.

54.
Churchill to Wavell (Commander-in-Chief, Middle East), 26 January 1941, Gilbert,
Churchill War Papers
, vol. III,
The Ever-Widening War
(2000), p. 136.

55.
Churchill to Margesson, 29 January 1941, Gilbert,
War Papers
, vol. III, p. 153.

56.
J. Granatstein
,
Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government 1939–1945
(Toronto, 1975), p. 25.

57.
National Archives of Canada, Dafoe Papers M-79 (microfilm): T. A. Crerar to J. W. Dafoe, 10 June 1940; Queen's University Kingston, Douglas Library, T. A. Crerar Papers 119: Crerar to King, 23 February 1941.

58.
National Archives of Canada, R. B. Bennett Papers M-3175 (microfilm), R. B. Hanson to R. B. Bennett, 17 September 1940.

59.
National Archives of Canada, Mackenzie King Papers 4566 (microfilm), Mackenzie King to Churchill, 16 September 1940.

60.
J. W. Pickersgill
,
The Mackenzie King Record, vol. I, 1939–1944
(Toronto, 1960), p. 203.

61.
It was to be a
permanent
joint board.

62.
Pickersgill,
Mackenzie King Record
, vol. 1, p. 204.

63.
See
R. Sarty
,
Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic
(Montreal, 1998).

64.
N. Meaney
(ed.),
Australia and the World
(Melbourne, 1985), p. 459: R. G. Menzies to S. Bruce (Australian High Commissioner in London), 11 September 1939.

65.
I. M. Cumpston
,
Lord Bruce of Melbourne
(Melbourne, 1989), pp. 178, 181–4.

66.
J. Grey
,
A Military History of Australia
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 144.

67.
D. Day
,
John Curtin: A Life
(Sydney, 1999), p. 43.