The Female Brain (31 page)

“…at six months postpartum.”:
See Appendix 2, “The Female Brain and Postpartum Depression.”

“…the benefits of nursing.”:
Matthiesen 2001.

“…relaxing waves of hormone.”:
Buhimschi 2004.

“…even waves of panic.”:
Neighbors 2003; Uvnäs-Moberg 2003; Chezem 1997.

“…brain levels of oxytocin.”:
Heinrichs 2001.

“…the bloodstream and brain.”:
Uvnäs-Moberg 2003.

“…circuits of their children.”:
Call 1998.

“…their daughters and granddaughters.”:
Maestripieri 2005; Fleming 2002; Meaney 2001; Francis 1999.

“…genes—type of inheritance.”:
Vassena 2005; Weaver 2004; Fleming 1999.

“…use estrogen and oxytocin.”:
Cushing 2005; Weaver 2005; Vassena 2005; Cameron 2005; Champagne 2001, 2003; Meaney 2001.

“…environment happens before puberty.”:
Weaver 2006, 2005; Cameron 2005; Francis 2002.

“…she mothers your grandchildren.”:
Young 2005.

“…in the succeeding generation.”:
Gutteling 2005; Belsky 2005; Krpan 2005; Maestripieri 2005; Caldji 2000; Francis 1999.

“…able to give their kids.”:
Cameron 2005; Belsky 2002; Repetti 1997; Rosenblum 1994.

“…of their own children.”:
Francis 2002.

“…and fearful as adults.”:
Charmandari 2005; Lederman 2004; Darnaudery 2004; Morley-Fletcher 2004; Fleming 2002; McCormick 1999.

“…stress on PET scans.”:
Pruessner 2004; Hall 2004.

“…from an overstressed mother.”:
Weaver 2006, 2005; Francis 2002.

“…other communities or species.”:
Hrdy 1999.

“…female siblings for care.”:
Glazer 1992.

“…peers in the other environments.”:
Coplan 2005.

“…into adolescence and adulthood.”:
Coplan 2005.

“…allomaternal care from others.”:
Hrdy 2005 personal communication.

“…context in which she mothers.”:
Paris 2002.

“…success as a mother.”:
Taylor 1997; Fleming 1992.

SIX: E
MOTION
: T
HE
F
EELING
B
RAIN

“…emotionally sensitive than men?”:
Butler 2005; Wager 2005; Simon 2004; Brebner 2003; Kring 1998, 2000; Brody 1993, 1997; Briton 1995; Grossman 1993; Crawford 1992; Fagot 1989; Brody 1985; Balswick 1977; Allen 1976.

“…hit him on the head?”:
Samter 2002; Feingold 1994.

“…in the human male brain.”:
Orzhekhovskaia 2005; Uddin 2005; Oberman 2005 and 2005 personal communication; Ohnishi 2004.

“…and emotions were hers.”:
Mitchell 2005.

“…sense of this mismatch.”:
Schirmer 2002, 2004, 2005.

“…innermost feelings of others.”:
Brody 1985.

“…of despair and distress.”:
Hall 2004.

“…that men can’t ignore.”:
Campbell 1993, 2005; Levenson 2003; Vingerhoets 2000; Timmers 1998; Wagner 1993; Hoover-Dempsey 1986; Frey 1985.

“…infidelity at a gut level.”:
Naliboff 2003.

“…puberty, they increase.”:
Leresche 2005.

“…pain more than boys do.”:
Lawal 2005; Derbyshire 2002.

“…register in the body.”:
Lawal 2005.

“…to brain scan studies.”:
Butler 2005.

“…is grounded in biology.”:
Levenson 2003.

“…integrating negative emotions.”:
Butler 2005; Pujol 2002.

“…was going on in his brain.”:
Rotter 1988.

“…voice for emotional nuance.”:
Campbell 2005; Rosip 2004; Weinberg 1999.

“…junctures in the therapy.”:
Raingruber 2001.

“…story might be feeling.”:
McClure 2000; Hall 1978, 1984.

“…intuiting what they are feeling.”:
Oberman 2005.

“…kind of emotional mirroring.”:
Singer 2004.

“…the pain of another person.”:
Singer 2004; Idiaka 2001; Zahn-Waxler 2000.

“…were being strongly shocked.”:
Singer 2006; Singer 2004.

“…and protect their children.”:
Taylor 2000; Campbell 1999; Bjorklund 1996; Archer 1996; Buss 1995.

“…to lose sleep than men.”:
Harrison 1999.

“…electrical conductivity in the skin.”:
McManis 2001; Bradley 2001; Nagy 2001; Madden 2000; Hall 2000.

“…and more rational thought.”:
Naliboff 2003; Wrase 2003.

“…discomfort—to a man.”:
Campbell 1993, 2005; Shoan-Golan 2004; Levenson 2003; Frey 1985.

“…interpret emotional meaning.”:
McClure 2004; Lynam 2004; Dahlen 2004; Hall 2000.

“…characteristic of Asperger’s disorder.”:
Campbell 2005; Lim 2005; Baron-Cohen 2002, 2004; Wang 2004; Nagy 2001; Moffitt 2001; Loeber 2001.

“…for them to tolerate.”:
Campbell 1993, 2005; Levenson 2003; Frey 1985.

“…faces—than do boys.”:
McClure 2000.

“…look sad or are hurt.”:
Baron-Cohen 2004; Blair 1999; Eisenberg 1993, 1996; Faber 1994; Kochanska 1994; Zahn-Waxler 1992; Eysenck 1978.

“…90 percent of the time.”:
Erwin 1992.

“…being close to someone sad.”:
Mandal 1985.

“…want to do the same.”:
Cross 1997.

“…remember these early days.”:
Canli 2002.

“…brains of the two sexes.”:
Cahill 2003.

“…men use just one side.”:
Wager 2003.

“…only two lit up in men.”:
Canli 2002; Shirao 2005.

“…them longer than men.”:
Cahill 2003, 2005; Canli 2002; Bremner 2001; Seidlitz 1998; Fujita 1991.

“…not she looked sexy.”:
Horgan 2004.

“…deep within the brain.”:
Zald 2003; Skuse 2003.

“…activated by emotional nuance.”:
Hamann 2005; Hall 2004.

“…storage about the experience.”:
Phelps 2004.

“…three-dimensional, sensory snapshot.”:
Phelps 2004; Giedd 1996.

“…quickly as a woman can.”:
Goos 2002.

“…is clearly greater in men.”:
Campbell 2005; Lovell-Badge 2005; Archer 2004, 2005; Craig 2004; McGinnis 2004; Rowe 2004; Garstein 2003; Ferguson 2000; Kring 2000; Maccoby 1998; Flannery 1993.

“…relatively larger in women.”:
Goldstein 2001, 2005; Gur 2002; Giedd 1996, 1997.

“…push a man’s anger button.”:
Campbell 2005; Sharkin 1993.

“…have short anger fuses.”:
Silverman 2003.

“…response is suddenly quicker.”:
Van Honk 2001.

“…don’t get angry as fast.”:
Giammanco 2005; Kaufman 2005; Muller 2005; Taylor 2000; Qian 2000.

“…conflict arise in a relationship.”:
Parsey 2002; Ferguson 2000; Biver 1996; Campbell 1993; Frodi 1977.

“…the anterior cingulate cortex.”:
Rogers 2004; Gur 2002; Goldstein 2001.

“…the fear of loss or pain.”:
Butler 2005.

“…a trigger-tempered male.”:
Campbell 2002, 2005.

“…access to the coveted toy.”:
Maccoby 1998.

“…anticipation and verbal circuits.”:
Li 2005.

“…angry at a third person.”:
Simon 2004.

“…that a man can’t match.”:
Li 2005.

“…frightened and shuts down.”:
Calder 2001; Thunberg 2000.

“…particular experiences in life.”:
Butler 2005; Mcclure 2004; Wood 1998.

“…anticipation of fear or pain.”:
Butler 2005; Garstein 2003; Cote 2002; Nagy 2001; Brody 1985; Carey 1978.

“…pleasure/reward circuits fire.”:
Etkin 2006 personal communication; Rogan 2005.

“…of danger or pain.”:
Butler 2005.

“…more common in women.”:
Antonijevic 2006; Halbreich 2006; Simon 2004; Johnston 1991.

“…through their reproductive years.”:
Madden 2000.

“…women’s risk of depression.”:
Kendler 2006.

“…turned on by estrogen.”:
Lee 2005; Abraham 2005.

“…run in certain families.”:
Altshuler 2005.

“…threats and severe stress.”:
Staley 2006; Pezawas 2005; Bertolino 2005; Halari 2005; Kaufman 2004; Barr 2004; Caspi 2003; Auger 2001.

“…into a clinical depression.”:
Bertolino 2005.

“…chemical or hormonal rebalancing.”:
Staley 2006; Altshuler 2001; Jensvold 1996.

SEVEN: T
HE
M
ATURE
F
EMALE
B
RAIN

“…certain times of the month.”:
Protopopescu 2005; Morgan 2004.

“…flood her so quickly anymore.”:
Labouvie-Vief 2003.

“…oxytocin is down, too.”:
Yamamoto 2006; Taylor 2006; Light 2005; Matthews 2005; Morgan 2004.

“…attentive to others’ personal needs.”:
Light 2005; Tang 2005.

“…help those around her.”:
Light 2005.

“…who we ought to be.”:
Winfrey 2005.

“…tending hormone—also dropped.”:
Yamamoto 2006; Light 2005; Motzer 2004; Tang 2003.

“…her newly found balance.”:
Protopopescu 2005; Motzer 2004; Morgan 2004; Labouvie-Vief 2003.

“…functioning of their brains.”:
Kirsch 2005; Tang 2005; Windle 2004.

“…pain to anxiety and depression.”:
Soares 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005; Schmidt 2004.

“…sensitivity in the brain itself.”:
Weiss 2004.

“…rocket fuel for sex drive.”:
Burger 2002.

“…a rocky ride for some women.”:
See Appendix 1, “The Female Brain and Hormone Therapy.”

“…experience estrogen withdrawal.”:
Lobo 2000.

“…cravings for sweets and carbs.”:
Ratka 2005; Joffe 1998, 2002, 2003.

“…PMS and postpartum hypothyroidism.”:
Duval 1999.

“…already passed through menopause.”:
Guthrie 2003; see Appendix 1, “The Female Brain and Hormone Therapy.”

“…plummet at this time too.”:
Burger 2002; see Appendix 1, “The Female Brain and Hormone Therapy.”

“…more extreme than most.”:
Davison 2005.

“…it was barely present.”:
Davis 2005.

“…slapped it on that very day.”:
Braunstein 2005; Bolour 2005; Goldstat 2003; Shifren 2000.

“…less frequent and intense.”:
Laumann 1999, 2005; see Chapter 4, “Sex,” and Appendix 1, “The Female Brain and Hormone Therapy.”

“…had at age twenty.”:
Davison 2005.

“…gels—that are now available.”:
Wang 2004; Shifren 2000.

“…or their sexual interest.”:
Davis 2005.

“…are now set free.”:
Taylor 2006.

“…pups died as a result.”:
Stern 1989, 1993; Morgan 1992; Xerri 1994.

“…is important to them.”:
Shellenbarger 2005.

“…she was really mad.”:
Helson 1992.

“…more like a man’s.”:
Lobo 2000.

“…interaction of their relationship.”:
Swaab 1995, 2001; Kruijver 2001; Fernandez-Guasti 2000.