The Female Brain (32 page)

“…during the menopause years.”:
Kiecolt-Glasser 2005; Mackey 2001; Robinson 2001.

“…rules of their relationship.”:
Sbarra 2006; Kruijver 2001.

“…fifty are initiated by women.”:
U.S. Human Resources Services Administration 2002.

“…in arguing with Robert.”:
Seeman 2001; Gust 2000; Burleson 1998.

“…nurturing instincts had returned.”:
Taylor 2006; Miller 2002.

“…stress response is kept low.”:
Kajantie 2006; Morgan 2004.

“…or had her children.”:
Helson 2005.

“…higher than did other women.”:
Helson 2001, 2005; Roberts 2002.

“…own work and activities.”:
Kiecolt-Glaser 1996, 1998.

“…on estrogen soon shrivel.”:
Taylor 2006; McEwen 2001, 2005.

“…soon after the operation.”:
Sherwin 2005.

“…stroke than men their age.”:
Stirone 2005.

“…typical of much older women.”:
Shaywitz 2003.

“…skills, and emotional processing.”:
Erickson 2005.

“…effects on the brain.”:
Rossouw 2002.

“…vessels is likely gone.”:
Saenz 2005; Tessitore 2005; Clarkson 2005; Brownley 2004.

“…protect brain function as well.”:
Sherwin 2005.

“…specialists in hormone therapy.”:
Hickey 2005; Davis 2005; Brizendine 2003.

“…cortex sooner than women.”:
Kochunov 2005; Sullivan 2004; Li 2005.

“…no longer bear children.”:
Finch 2002.

“…in ancient human populations.”:
Hawkes 1998, 2004.

“…their chances of survival.”:
Hawkes 2003.

“…in India and Africa.”:
Beise 2002.

“…presence of a father.”:
Hawkes 2003.

“…lot of years to imagine.”:
Kenyon 2005; Arantes-Oliveira 2003; Murphy 2003; Wise 2003.

APPENDIX ONE: T
HE
F
EMALE
B
RAIN AND
H
ORMONE
T
HERAPY

“…middle have felt betrayed.”:
Ekstrom 2005; Hickey 2005.

“…and off hormone therapy?”:
Brownley 2004.

“…laboratory rodents and primates.”:
Wise 2005; Clarkson 2005; Papalexi 2005.

“…function as we age.”:
Hultcrantz 2006; Erickson 2005; Saenz 2005; Murabito 2005; Zemlyak 2005.

“…for some emotional processing.”:
Erickson 2005; Shaywitz 2003.

“…of WHI and WHIMS.”:
Franklin 2006; Erickson 2005; Li 2005; Gulinello 2005; Stirone 2005.

“…due sometime after 2010.”:
Harman 2004, 2005.

“…related to verbal memory.”:
Resnick 2001; Maki 2001.

“…shrinkage seen with age.”:
Raz 2004.

“…age than women’s brains.”:
Kochunov 2005.

“…area involved in facial recognition.”:
Raz 2004; Sullivan 2004.

“…they outperformed men, too.”:
Miller 2002.

“…women who took HT.”:
Erickson 2005; Raz 2004; Miller 2002.

“…but from other women’s.”:
Murabito 2005.

“…timing of the hormone treatment.”:
Rasgon 2005.

“…estrogen therapy following menopause.”:
Sherwin 2005; Rubinow 2005; Wise 2005; Turgeon 2004.

“…before the day of menopause.”:
Burger 2002; Lobo 2000.

“…less sensitive to estrogen.”:
Weiss 2004.

“…two years before menstruation stops.”:
Soares 2004, 2005; Schmidt 2005; Rasgon 2005; Douma 2005.

“…cells—have become disturbed.”:
Bethea 2005.

“…alone if it is mild.”:
Bertschy 2005; Rubinow 2002; Schmidt 2000; Komesaroff 1999.

“…estrogen and stress sensitivity.”:
Kajantie 2006; Morgan 2004; Seeman 2001; Gust 2000; Burleson 1998.

“…serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.”:
Tessitore 2005.

“…with or without hot flashes.”:
Kravitz 2005; Joffe 2002.

“…you’re over age forty.”:
Kravitz 2005.

“…or more past menopause.”:
Guthrie 2005; Joffe 2002; Henderson 2002; Dennerstein 1997, 2000.

“…first five years after menopause.”:
Davis 2005; Erickson 2005; McEwen 2005; Sherwin 2005; Shaywitz 2003; Woolley 2002; Cummings 2002; Halbreich 1995; Craik 1977.

“…room or even before surgery.”:
Sherwin 2005.

“…makes them feel smart again.”:
Korol 2004; Farr 2000.

“…during the menopausal transition.”:
Wright 2004.

“…scientific rigor that they deserve.”:
Naftolin 2005.

“…should not start HT.”:
Clarkson 2005.

“…estrogen-only therapy whenever possible.”:
Lobo 2005; Speroff 2005.

“…heart, uterus, and vascular system.”:
Mendelsohn 2005.

“…stress reduction, and meditation practice.”:
Perez-Martin 2005; Bough 2005; Mogi 2005; Yonezawa 2005; Gulati 2005; Elavsky 2005; Hickey 2005; Davison 2005; Brizendine 2004; Epel 2004.

“…gels, injectables, or pellets.”:
Goldstat 2003.

“…exercise and relaxation therapies.”:
Brizendine 2004.

“…are the cause of weight gain.”:
Bakken 2004.

“…not help slow it down.”:
Morse 2005.

“…than men their age.”:
Stirone 2005.

“…greater brain cell death.”:
Sastre 2002.

“…women live longer than men.”:
Vina 2005.

“…cables between brain areas.”:
Henderson 2002.

“…slowly or not at all.”:
Tanapat 2002.

“…for developing Alzheimer’s disease.”:
Alvarez 2005.

“…deficient levels of estrogen.”:
Yue 2005; Li 2005.

“…after menopause offers no benefit.”:
Woods 2000.

“…more benefit from social support.”:
Kajantie 2006; Epel 2006; Gurung 2003.

“…exercises, such as playing cards.”:
Podewils 2005.

“…percent of their testosterone.”:
Davis 2005; Braunstein 2005; Burger 2002; Shifren 2000.

“…hormone transition called ‘adrenopause’.”:
Nawata 2004.

“…testes when they were young.”:
Vermeulen 1995.

“…to 70 for women.”:
Lobo 2000.

“…to maintain sexual interest.”:
Gray 1991.

“…very low testosterone levels.”:
Guay 2004.

“…climbs to six in ten.”:
Laumann 1999.

“…patterns all over the world.”:
Laumann 2005.

“…when we were twenty.”:
Gray 1991.

“…had their ovaries removed.”:
Laumann 1999, 2005.

“…creams, or pills may help.”:
Warnock 2005.

“…women should feel entitled.”:
see Chapter 4, “Sex.”

“…the course of a woman’s life.”:
Basson 2005.

“…psychological ‘resistance’ to sex.”:
Basson 2005.

“…sexual interest soon returned.”:
Sherwin 1985.

“…creams for women patients.”:
Guay 2002; Bachmann 2002.

“…sexual interest back to par.”:
Sherwin 1985.

“…her desire for partner sex.”:
Apperloo 2003; Davis 1998, 2001.

“…sexual interest in all women.”:
Buster 2005; Davison 2005.

“…a cause of sexual dysfunction.”:
Guay 2004.

“…both sexes with testosterone therapy.”:
Davison 2005; Connell 2005; Guay 2002.

“…to assume the downside risks.”:
Rhoden 2004; Wang 2004; Rossouw 2002.

APPENDIX TWO: T
HE
F
EMALE
B
RAIN AND
P
OSTPARTUM
D
EPRESSION

“…most common is postpartum depression.”:
Logsdon 2006; Zonana 2005; Brandes 2004.

“…the relevant hormonal changes.”:
Hasser 2006; Kendler 2006; Boyd 2006.

“…women with postpartum depression.”:
Bloch 2003, 2006.

“…the stress hormone cortisol.”:
Bloch 2005.

“…high stress in the home.”:
O’Hara 1991.

“…sleep, the child, and the partner.”:
Edhborg 2005.

“…postpartum depression in certain women.”:
Uvnäs-Moberg 2003.

“…development of postpartum depression.”:
Walker 2004.

“…such as supportive talk therapy.”:
Magalhaes 2006; Altshuler 2001.

APPENDIX THREE: T
HE
F
EMALE
B
RAIN AND
S
EXUAL
O
RIENTATION

“…percent of the female population.”:
Jorm 2003.

“…different than in men.”:
Rahman 2005.

“…reporting more bisexual interests.”:
Bocklandt 2006; Rahman 2005; Chivers 2004; Sandfort 2003.

“…woman than a gay man.”:
Sandfort 2003.

“…matter of brain wiring.”:
LeVay 1991.

“…and female sexual orientation.”:
Mustanski 2005; Pattatucci 1995; Pillard 1995.

“…tumble play and sexual attraction.”:
Hershberger 2004.

“…not exposed to fetal testosterone.”:
Hines 2004; Manning 2004; see Chapter 1, “The Birth of the Female Brain.”

“…between straight versus gay women.”:
Rahman 2003.

“…auditory response—a male-typical pattern.”:
McFadden 1998, 1999.

“…intermediate between males and females.”:
Muscarella 2004.

“…their gay female counterparts.”:
Rahman 2003.

REFERENCES

Abraham, I. M., and A. E. Herbison (2005). “Major sex differences in nongenomic estrogen actions on intracellular signaling in mouse brain in vivo.”
Neuroscience
131 (4): 945–51.

Adams, D. (1992). “Biology does not make men more aggressive than women.” In K. Bjorkqvist and P. Niemela, eds.,
Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression
, 17–26. San Diego: Academic Press.

Adler, E. M., A. Cook,
et al.
(1986) “Hormones, mood and sexuality in lactating women.”
Br J Psychiatry
148:74–79.