The General and the Jaguar (49 page)

17 “I saw this remarkable situation”: Fall hearing, 2326.

17 “The attacks were frequently”: Hart,
Revolutionary Mexico,
13, 63-72.

18 “loco Franco”: “Mixed Mexico,”
Literary Digest,
May 9, 1914, 1133.

18 “microbe’s challenge”: Alan Knight,
The Mexican Revolution,
vol. 1,
Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 59.

18 “In a family of clever men”: Edith O’Shaughnessy,
A Diplomat’s Wife in Mexico
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1916), 222; John S. D. Eisenhower,
Intervention: The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917
(New York: Norton, 1993), 11.

18 “the cream of the enterprising”: Knight,
Mexican Revolution,
1:55.

18 “When Madero first attracted”: All of Ambassador Wilson’s remarks taken from Fall hearing, 2256-2258.

19 “writing medium”: Krauze,
Mexico,
246.

19 “oppression, slavery and fanaticism”: Ibid., 248.

19 “You do not want”: Ibid., 255.

20 “His mouth hangs”: “Book: Pancho Villa First to Film War,” newspaper clipping,
AMJ,
n.d., NMSRCA.

20 “He has the most remarkable”: Carlos Husk, “Profile of Pancho Villa,” March 5, 1914, Pershing papers, LC.

20 born in 1878: Katz,
Life and Times of Pancho Villa,
2. At the beginning of his biography, the most definitive to date, Katz points out some of the difficulties in ascertaining
what is true and not true about Villa and groups the stories about him into three categories: the white, the black, and epic
legends.

20 “My mother wept”: Martín Luis Guzmán,
Memoirs of Pancho Villa
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965), 3.

21 changed his name: Ibid., 4.

21 hunted coyote: Carlos Husk, “Profile of Pancho Villa,” March 5, 1914, Pershing papers, LC.

21 “I believe in God”: Mason, “Mexican Man of the Hour,” 305.

22 canned asparagus: Jessie Peterson and Thelma Cox Knoles,
Pancho Villa: Intimate Recollections
by
People Who Knew Him
(New York: Hastings House, 1977), 12.

22
“Yo meuro en”:
Jim Tuck,
Pancho Villa and John Reed
(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984), 2.

22 “There I learned”: Guzmán,
Memoirs of Pancho Villa,
21.

23 “I thought to myself”: Ibid., 38.

23 column of five hundred soldiers: Katz,
Life and Times of Pancho Villa,
104.

24 “one of the greatest sacrifices”: Martín Luis Guzmán,
The Eagle and the Serpent
(New York: Doubleday, 1965), 37, 38.

24 sardines, cookies: Peterson and Knoles,
Pancho Villa,
30.

24 “It was estimated”: Mardee Belding de Wetter, “Revolutionary El Paso: 1910- 1917,” part 1,
Password,
April 1958, 56.

25 forty men started into Juárez: Paul Hoylen, “The Battle of Juárez: May 8, 1911,”
Las Fronteras,
November 1994, 6, EPPL.

25 tin cans and gunpowder: Ibid.

25 drift back to the rear: Herbert Molloy Mason Jr.,
The Great Pursuit: Pershing’s Expedition to Destroy Pancho Villa
(New York: Konecky, 1970), 30-31; Katz,
Life and Times of Pancho Villa,
110.

25 “beautiful sight”: Leon C. Metz,
Border: The U.S.-Mexico Line
(El Paso: Mangan Books, 1989), 203.

25 Five observers were killed: Hoylen, “Battle of Juárez.”

25 reserved seats: Mardee Belding de Wetter, “Revolutionary El Paso: 1910-1917,” part 2,
Password,
July 1958, 115.

25 Villa went to a local bakery: Guzmán,
Memoirs of Pancho Villa,
48.

25 Porfirio Díaz lay suffering: O’Shaughnessy,
Diplomat’s Wife,
222-223.

26 “The revolution never”: Fall hearing, 2256.

26 “They were all right until”: “Mixed Mexico,” 1132.

26 “the Madero government had”: Hart,
Revolutionary Mexico,
260.

27 “bloodthirsty animal”: Michael C. Meyer,
Huerta: A Political Portrait
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), 9.

27 more he drank: O’Shaughnessy,
Diplomat’s Wife,
12.

27 “To even his intimates”: “General Huerta Dies at Home in Texas,”
NYT,
January 14, 1916.

28 decaying human corpses: Meyer,
Huerta,
50-51.

28 “My mother had just entered”: Brief, Miss Sallie F. Holmes and Percy Griffith, U.S. and Mexican Claims Commissions,
Copies of Memorials and Briefs, box 1.

29 “Mr. Wilson, nervous, pale”: Meyer,
Huerta,
53.

29
“Protestamos lo necessario”:
H. R. Rennert, “The Tragic Ten Days from February 9th, 1913, to the Assassination of President Madero, February 22nd, 1913,”
Monograph No. 12, June 1926, 53, U.S. and Mexican Claims Commissions, Research and Information Section, Information File on
Mexican History, box 1.

30 “A wicked despotism”: Ibid., 51.

30 deposed leaders: Eisenhower,
Intervention,
8-9.

2. A Diverting Brute

31 “Puritan of the North”: Barbara Tuchman,
The Zimmermann Telegram
(New York: Viking, 1958), 40.

31 Presbyterian minister: The White House, Woodrow Wilson biography, http:// www. whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ww28.htm.

31 “Wicked Puritan with Sorry”: O’Shaughnessy,
Diplomat’s Wife,
187.

31 “Our friend Huerta”: Sweetman,
Landing at Veracruz,
15-16; Tuchman,
Zimmermann Telegram,
40.

32 “I will not recognize”: Sweetman,
Landing at Veracruz,
13.

32 “By hesitating too long”: Frank Tompkins,
Chasing Villa: The Last Campaign of the U.S. Cavalry
(Silver City, NM: High-Lonesome Books, 1996), 8.

32
“Yo soy indio”:
“Mixed Mexico,” 1136.

33 raw egg and a glass: Ibid.

33 Hennessy and Martell: O’Shaughnessy,
Diplomat’s Wife,
48.

33 “After the bullfight”: Ibid., 67.

34 “await the time of their awakening”: Sweetman,
Landing at Veracruz,
21.

34 “watchful waiting”: Mason,
Great Pursuit,
37; Joseph Tumulty,
Woodrow Wilson as I Knew Him
(New York: Doubleday Page, 1921), 144-150.

34 “The present policy of”: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
19.

34 150 to 50 million: Ibid., 8.

34 “Settlement by civil war”: Ibid., 21.

35 “I think President Wilson”: “Letting the Guns into Mexico,”
Literary Digest,
February 14, 1914, 303.

35
el general honorario:
Meyer,
Huerta,
39.

35 the little drunkard: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
29.

35 “Not once in all the times”: Guzmán,
Memoirs of Pancho Villa,
69.

35 Villa disguised himself: Ibid., 83-84.

35 homing pigeons: Peterson and Knoles,
Pancho Villa,
186-187.

35 “He had fallen back”: James Hopper, “Pancho Villa,”
Collier’s,
April 29, 1916, 10.

36 two pounds of sugar: Alan Knight,
The Mexican Revolution,
vol. 2,
Counter-Revolution and Reconstruction
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 35.

36 sign his name: Hopper, “Pancho Villa,” 8.

36
“Mas derecho!”:
Gregory Mason, “Campaigning in Coahuila,”
Outlook,
June 20, 1914, 394.

37 “Wires cut”: John Reed,
Insurgent Mexico
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1969), 142.

37 “The taking of Juárez”: Hugh Scott, “Memorandum for Chief of Staff,” May 6, 1914, Scott papers, LC.

38 great sinner: Peterson and Knoles,
Pancho Villa,
xiv.

38 “Civilized people look”: Hugh Lenox Scott,
Some Memories of a Soldier
(New York: Century, 1928), 500-501.

38 “It seems to me”: Reed,
Insurgent Mexico,
142-143.

39 “Above all, he is white”: V. Blasco Ibanez, “Carranza and the Queer ‘Court’ He Gathered Around Him in Mexico,”
NYT,
May 23, 1920.

39 “Those who have watched”: O’Shaughnessy,
Diplomat’s Wife,
19.

39 Hanging on the walls: Reed,
Insurgent Mexico,
189, 243.

40 “We came fleeing”: Guzmán,
Eagle and the Serpent,
43-44.

41 “By 11 o’clock at night”: Fall hearing, 1766.

41 “Whenever war occurs”: Tuchman,
Zimmermann Telegram,
31.

3. Veracruz

43 territory of a sovereign nation: “Our War on Huerta,”
Literary Digest,
May 2, 1914, 1030.

43 Mayo demanded: Sweetman,
Landing at Veracruz,
35-36.

43 “obtain from General Huerta”: “Our War on Huerta,” 1030; Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
23.

43 “it might be construed”: “Our War on Huerta,” 1031.

43 “impotence, humiliation, and tragedy”: Guzmán,
Eagle and the Serpent,
185.

44 “Veracruz was filthy”: Sweetman,
Landing at Veracruz,
63.

44 “Peering down in the darkness”: O’Shaughnessy,
Diplomat’s Wife,
233.

46 Remington Arms Company: Sweetman,
Landing at Veracruz,
77.

46 126 Mexicans: Ibid., 123.

47 “As far as he was concerned”: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
29.

47 “It is Huerta’s bull”: Clarence Clendenen,
Blood on the Border
(Toronto: Macmillan, 1969), 168.

47 “By precipitating”: “Our War on Huerta,” 1031.

47 Zapata’s rebellion: Krauze,
Mexico,
274-275.

48 Plan de Ayala: Ibid., 288.

48 “As in the history”: Katz,
Life and Times of Pancho Villa,
433.

4. Downhill

49 private train: Hopper, “Pancho Villa,” 45.

49 “Sr. General Zapata, today”: Guzmán,
Memoirs of Pancho Villa,
376-377.

50 “For a half-hour”: Katz,
Life and Times of Pancho Villa,
435.

50 “men who have always slept”: Hart,
Revolutionary Mexico,
302.

51 huge cache of weaponry: Author John Mason Hart argues that this huge weapons cache was extremely important in determining
the ultimate victor in the Mexican Revolution and was a deliberate effort by the Wilson administration to ensure that Carranza
won.

51 “His ideas, his beliefs”: Guzmán,
Eagle and the Serpent,
70.

51 “I understand you”: Ibid., 387.

52 six thousand cavalry: Knight,
Mexican Revolution,
2:321.

52 “little banty rooster”: Mason,
Great Pursuit,
57.

52 “the prestige of my troops”: Knight,
Mexican Revolution,
2:322.

52 Sitting astride a horse: Description of the two Celaya battles comes mostly from Guzmán,
Memoirs of Pancho Villa,
453-469.

53 “The city will”: Ibid., 455.

53 “We abandoned our dead”: Ibid., 459.

53 “Our attacks were thin”: Ibid., 466.

53 threw down their guns: Hopper, “Pancho Villa,” 45.

54 three thousand of Villa’s men: Katz,
Life and Times of Pancho Villa,
493.

54 captured Villista officers: Ibid.

54 “I feel it to be my duty”: “Statement by the President,” June 2, 1915, U.S. and Mexican Claims Commissions, Research
and Information Section, Information File on Mexican History, box 7.

54 Obregón reached for his pistol: Knight,
Mexican Revolution,
2:326.

54 “It was a very efficient”: George Marvin, “The First Line of Defense in Mexico,”
World’s Work,
August 1916, 419.

54 “Standing on a rocky”: Hopper, “Pancho Villa,” 45.

55 “bubbling stew”: Knight,
Mexican Revolution,
2:328.

55 “Oh, yes”: Hopper, “Pancho Villa,” 45.

55 eighty musicians: Ibid.

55 “And such was the instantaneous”: Ibid.

56 “I am thoroughly exhausted”: John Middagh,
Frontier Newspaper: The El Paso Times
(El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1958), 176-177.

57 extremely ill from cirrhosis: “General Huerta Slowly Sinking,”
EPMT,
January 13, 1916; “To Bury Huerta in Mexico,”
NYT,
January 15, 1916; “General Huerta Dies at Home in Texas,”
NYT,
January 14, 1916.

57 “The recognition of Carranza”: Scott,
Some Memories of a Soldier,
517.

58 “An enemy weakened”: Elías Torres,
Twenty Episodes in the Life and Times of Pancho Villa
(Austin: Encino Press, 1973), 58.

58 “This is the way the United States”: “Villa Plans Attack Defying Our Troops,”
NYT,
November 1, 1915.

58 “Finally the hour came”: Chant Branham, “A Prelude to the Battle of General John J. Pershing vs. General Pancho Villa
in the Battle of Douglas, Arizona—Agua Prieta, Mexico—1916,” 6, Dean collection.

58 “Do you expect to take”: “Villa’s Guns Open on Agua Prieta,”
NYT,
November 2, 1915.

59 Villa’s artillery pounded: Ibid.; “Villa in Retreat from Agua Prieta,”
NYT,
November 4, 1915.

59 “It was horrifying”: Branham, “Prelude,” 9.

59 376 wounded: Torres,
Twenty Episodes in the Life and Times of Pancho Villa,
60.

59 emergency medical supplies: “Saddlebag Documents,” Braddy papers, UTEP.

59 Villa’s army withdrew: “Villa in Retreat from Agua Prieta,”
NYT,
November 4, 1915.

60 San Pedro de la Cueva: For a gripping account of Villa’s Sonoran campaign and the massacre at San Pedro de la Cueva,
see Thomas H. Naylor, “Massacre at San Pedro de la Cueva: The Significance of Pancho Villa’s Disastrous Sonora Campaign,”
Western Historical Quarterly,
April 1977, 124-150.