The Gnostic Gospels (29 page)

45.
M. Friedländer,
Der vorchristliche jüdische Gnosticismus
(Göttingen, 1898; 2nd ed., 1972).

46.
H. Jonas,
Gnosis und spätantiker Geist, I: Die mythologische Gnosis
(Göttingen, 1st ed., 1934; 2nd ed., 1964).

47.
H. Jonas,
The Gnostic Religion
(Boston, 1st ed., 1958; 2nd ed., 1963).

48.
Ibid.
, 320–340.

49.
W. Bauer,
Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
(trans, from 2nd ed., Philadelphia, 1971), xxii.

50.
H. E. W. Turner,
The Pattern of Christian Truth: A Study in the Relations Between Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Early Church
(London, 1954).

51.
C. H. Roberts,
Manuscript, Society, and Belief in Early Christian Egypt
(London, 1979).

52.
A. Guillaumont, H.-Ch. Puech, G. Quispel, W. Till, Y. ‘Abd al Masih,
The Gospel According to Thomas: Coptic Text Established and Translated
(Leiden/New York, 1959).

53.
The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hanmiadi Codices
, Codices I–XIII (Leiden, 1972). For discussion, see J. M. Robinson, “The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices,” in
Occasional Papers of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity
, 4 (Claremont, 1972).

54.
C. Colpe,
Die religionsgeschichtliche Schule: Darstellung und Kritik ihres Bildes von gnostischen Erlösermythus
(Göttingen, 1961).

55.
R. M. Grant,
Gnosticism and Early Christianity
, 2nd ed. (New York, 1966), 27 ff.

56.
G. Quispel,
Gnosis als Weltreligion
(Leiden, 1951).

57.
H. Jonas, “Delimitation of the gnostic phenomenon—typological and historical,” in
Le Origini dello Gnosticismo
(Leiden, 1967), 90–108.

58.
E. R. Dodds,
Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety
(Cambridge, 1965), 69–101.

59.
G. G. Scholem,
Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and Talmudic Tradition
(New York, 1st ed., 1960; 2nd ed., 1965).

60.
A. D. Nock,
Essays on Religion and the Ancient World
, ed. Z. Stewart (Cambridge, 1972), II, “Gnosticism,” 940 ff.

61.
Cf. A. H. Armstrong, “Gnosis and Greek Philosophy,” in
Gnosis: Festschrift für Hans Jonas
(Göttingen, 1978), 87–124.

62.
B. Layton,
Treatise on Resurrection: Editing, Translation, Commentary
(Missoula, 1979); “Vision and Revision: A Gnostic View of Resurrection,” in
Proceedings: Quebec Colloquium on the Texts of Nag Hanmiadi
(Quebec, 1979).

63.
See, for example, H. Attridge, “Exegetical Problems in the Tripartite Tractate,” prepared for the SBL meetings in New Orleans, 1978, and his edition of Codex I from Nag Hammadi, to be published in
Nag Hammadi Studies
(Leiden, 1980).

64.
M. Smith,
Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark
(Cambridge, 1973);
Jesus the Magician
(San Francisco, 1978).

65.
J. M. Robinson, H. Koester,
Trajectories Through Early Christianity
(Philadelphia, 1971): see especially Robinson,
“Logoi Sophon:
On the Gattung of Q,” 71–113; Koester, “One Jesus and Four Primitive Gospels,” 158–204.

66.
M. Tardieu,
Trois mythes gnostiques: Adam, Eros et les animaux dans un écrit de Nag Hammadi
(Paris, 1974).

67.
L. Schottroff,
Der Glaubende und die feindliche Welt
(Neukirchener, 1970).

68.
P. Perkins,
The Gnostic Dialogue
(New York, 1979).

69.
P. Perkins, “Deceiving the Deity: Self-Transcendence and the Numinous in Gnosticism,” in
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Institute for Philosophy and Religion
(Boston, 1981).

70.
G. MacRae, “Sleep and Awakening in Gnostic Texts,” in
Le Origini dello Gnosticismo
, 496–510.

71.
G. MacRae, “The Jewish Background of the Gnostic Sophia Myth,”
Novum Testamentum
12 (1970), 97 ff.

72.
For a recent example, see G. MacRae, “Nag Hammadi and the New Testament,” in
Gnosis: Festschrift für Hans Jonas
, 144–157.

73.
See, for example, B. A. Pearson, “Jewish Haggadic Traditions in the
Testimony of Truth
from Nag Hammadi (CGIX, 3),” in
Ex Orbe Religionum: Studia Geo Widengren
(Leiden, 1972), 457–470; “Biblical Exegesis in Gnostic Literature,” in
Armenian and Biblical Studies
, ed. M. E. Stone (Jerusalem, 1975), 70–80; “The Figure of Melchizedek,” in
Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions
(Leiden, 1975), 200–208.

74.
D. M. Scholer,
Nag Hammadi Bibliography
(Leiden, 1971).

75.
Apocalypse of Peter
76.27–30, in
NHL
342. In quotations from this text, I am following the translations of J. Brashler,
The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter: A Genre Analysis and Interpretation
(Claremont, 1977).

CHAPTER ONE

For a more technical discussion of this topic, scholars are advised to consult E. Pagels, “Visions, Appearances, and Apostolic Authority: Gnostic and Orthodox Traditions,” in
Gnosis: Festschrift für Hans Jonas
, ed. B. Aland (Göttingen, 1978), 415–430.

1.
K. Stendahl,
Immortality and Resurrection
(New York, 1968).

2.
Luke 24:36–43.

3.
Acts 2:22–36.

4.
Ibid.
, 10:40–41.

5.
Tertullian,
De Resurrectione Carnis
2.

6.
Tertullian,
De Carne Christi
5.

7.
Ibid.

8.
John 20:27.

9.
Mark 16:12; Luke 24:13–32.

10.
Luke 24:31.

11.
John 20:11–17.

12.
Acts 9:3–4.

13.
Ibid., 9:7.

14.
Ibid.
, 22:9.

15.
I. Corinthians 15:50.

16.
Ibid.
, 15:51–53.

17.
Mark 10:42–44.

18.
Luke 24:34.

19.
Matthew 16:13–19.

20.
John 21:15–19.

21.
H. von Campenhausen,
Ecclesiastical Authority and Spiritual Power
(London, 1969), trans. by J. A. Baker (original title:
Kirchliches Amt und geistliche Vollmacht
, Tübingen, 1953), 17 (see discussion in Ch. 1).

22.
Mark 16:9; John 20:11–17.

23.
Matthew 28:16–20; Luke 24:36–49; John 20:19–23.

24.
Matthew 28:18.

25.
Acts 1:15–20.

26.
Ibid.
, 1:22. Emphasis added.

27.
Ibid.
, 1:26.

28.
Ibid.
, 1:6–11.

29.
Ibid.
, 7:56.

30.
Acts 9:1–6.

31.
Ibid.
, 22:17–18; cf. also Acts 18:9–10.

32.
See J. Lindblom,
Gesichte und Offenbarungen: Vorstellungen von göttlichen Weisungen und übernatürlichen Erscheinungen im ältesten Christentum
(Lund, 1968), 32–113.

33.
See K. Holl,
Der Kirchenbegriff des Paulus in seinem Verhältnis zu dem der Urgemeinde
, in
Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kirchengeschichte
(Tübingen, 1921), II, 50–51.

34.
G. Blum,
Tradition und Sukzession: Studium zum Normbegriff des Apostolischen von Paulus bis Irenaeus
(Berlin, 1963), 48.

35.
Campenhausen,
Ecclesiastical Authority and Spiritual Power
, 14–24. For discussion, see E. Pagels, “Visions, Appearances, and Apostolic Authority,” 415–430.

36.
Origen,
Commentarium in I Corinthians
, in
Journal of Theological Studies
10 (1909), 46–47.

37.
Tertullian,
De Resurrectione Carnis
, 19–27.

38.
Irenaeus,
AH
1.30.13.

39.
I Corinthians 15:8.

40.
Mark 16:9.

41.
John 20:11–19.

42.
Gospel of Mary
10.17–21, in
NHL
472.

43.
Apocalypse of Peter
83.8–10, in
NHL
344. For discussion of Peter in gnostic traditions, see P. Perkins, “Peter in Gnostic Revelations,” in
Proceedings of SBL: 1974 Seminar Papers II
(Washington, 1974), 1–13.

44.
Treatise on Resurrection
48.10–16, in
NHL
52–53. See M. L. Peel,
The Epistle to Rheginos; A Valentinian Letter on the Resurrection: Introduction, Translation, Analysis, and Exposition
(London/Philadelphia 1969); B. Layton,
The Gnostic Treatise on Resurrection from Nag Hammadi. Edited, with Translation and Commentary
(Missoula, 1979). The translation I cite follows that of Layton, as noted in the Acknowledgments.

45.
Treatise on Resurrection
48.34–38, in
NHL
53.

46.
Ibid.
, 47.18–49.24, in
NHL
53.

47.
Gospel of Philip
73.1–3, in
NHL
144.

48.
Ibid.
, 57.19–20, in
NHL
135.

49.
Cf. H. Koester, “One Jesus and Four Primitive Gospels,” in J. M. Robinson and H. Koester,
Trajectories through Early Christianity
(Philadelphia, 1971), 158–204, and Robinson, “The Johannine Trajectory,”
ibid.
, 232–268.

50.
Mark 16:9–20.

51.
Gospel of Mary
9.14–18, in
NHL
472.

52.
Ibid.
, 10.4–5, in
NHL
472.

53.
Ibid.
, 17.8–15, in
NHL
473.

54.
Ibid.
, 18.1–12, in
NHL
473.

55.
The author of the
Gospel of Mary
may have noted that neither Mark nor John specifies that the resurrected Jesus appeared
physically
to Mary. Mark’s account, which adds that Jesus later appeared “in another form,” could be taken to suggest that he was a disembodied presence who took on various forms in order to become visible. John’s account relates that Jesus warned Mary not to touch him—in contrast to the stories that say he insisted on the disciples’ touching him to prove that he was “not a ghost.”

56.
Irenaeus,
AH
3.2.1–3.3.1. See also M. Smith,
Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark
(Cambridge, 1973), 197–278.

57.
Ibid.
, 3.4.1–2.

58.
Mark 4:11.

59.
Matthew 13:11.

60.
II Corinthians 12:2–4.

61.
I Corinthians 2:6.

62.
R. Bultmann,
Theology of the New Testament
, trans, by K. Grobel (London, 1965), I, 327; U. Wilckens,
Weisheit und Torheit
(Tübingen, 1959), 44 f., 214–224.

63.
R. Scroggs, “Paul:
and
,”
New Testament Studies
14, 33–55. See also E. Pagels,
The Gnostic Paul
(Philadelphia, 1975), 1–10; 55–58; 157–164.