The Great Cholesterol Myth (39 page)

21
. National Institutes of Health, “News from the Women’s Health Initiative: Reducing Total Fat Intake May Have Small Effect on Risk of Breast Cancer, No Effect on Risk of Colorectal Cancer, Heart Disease, or Stroke,” NIH News, last modified February 7, 2006,
www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2006/nhlbi-07.htm
.

22
. Alice Ottoboni and Fred Ottoboni, “Low-Fat Diet and Chronic Disease Prevention: The Women’s Health Initiative and Its Reception,”
Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons
12, no. 1 (2007): 10–13.

23
. Gina Kolata, “Low-Fat Diet Does Not Cut Health Risks, Study Finds,”
New York Times
, February 8, 2006.

24
. Dwight Lundell,
The Cure for Heart Disease
(Scottsdale: Publishing Intellect, 2012).

25
. Michel de Lorgeril,
A Near-Perfect Sexual Crime: Statins Against Cholesterol
(France: A4Set, 2011).

1
. J.M. Gaziano et al., “Fasting Triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction,”
Circulation
96, no. 8 (1997): 2520–25.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9355888
.

2
. Denham Harman, “Aging: A Theory Based on Free Radical and Radiation Chemistry,”
Journal of Gerontology
11, no. 3 (1956): 298–300; Denham Harman, “Free Radical Theory of Aging,” in
Free Radicals and Aging
, eds. I. Emerit and B. Chance (Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 1992).

3
. Science Daily, “Some Good Cholesterol Is Actually Bad, Study Shows,” Science Daily, accessed September 12, 2011,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081201081713.htm
.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Dwight Lundell,
The Cure for Heart Disease
(Scottsdale: Publishing Intellect, 2012).

1
. Mark Houston, M.D., M.S., director of the Hypertension Institute in Tennessee, May 2, 2012, telephone communication.

2
. David C. Goff et al., “Insulin Sensitivity and the Rise of Incident Hypertension,”
Diabetes Care
26, no. 3 (2003): 805–9, doi.

3
. Science Daily, “Too Much Insulin a Bad Thing for the Heart?” Science Daily, last modified April 19, 2010,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100419233109.htm
.

4
. V. Marigliano et al., “Normal Values in Extreme Old Age,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
673 (1992): 23–28.

5
. Jeff O’Connell, Sugar Nation:
The Hidden Truth Behind America’s Deadliest Habit and the Simple Way to Beat It
(New York: Hyperion Books, 2011), 78.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Gary Taubes, “Is Sugar Toxic?”
New York Times Magazine
, April 13, 2011.

8
.
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, “Findings and Recommendations on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome,” American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Washington, D.C., August 25–26, 2002.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Michael Miller, “What Is the Association Between the Triglyceride to High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio and Insulin Resistance?” Medscape Education,
www.medscape.org/viewarticle/588474
; T. McLaughlin et al., “Use of Metabolic Markers to Identify Overweight Individuals Who Are Insulin Resistant,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
138, no. 10 (2003): 802–9.

11
. Johns Hopkins Medicine, “The New Blood Lipid Tests—Sizing Up LDL Cholesterol,” Johns Hopkins Health Alerts, last modified on June 13, 2008,
www.johnshopkinshealthalerts.com/reports/heart_health/1886-1.html
.

12
. Taubes, “Is Sugar Toxic?”

13
. George V. Mann,
Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense
(London: Janus, 1993).

14
. George V. Mann et al., “Atherosclerosis in the Masai,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
95, no. 1 (1972): 26–37.

15
. John Yudkin,
Sweet and Dangerous
(New York: Wyden, 1972).

16
. Ancel Keys, “Letter: Normal Plasma Cholesterol in a Man Who Eats 25 Eggs a Day,”
New England Journal of Medicine
325, no. 8 (1991): 584.

17
. National Institutes of Health. “National Cholesterol Education Program,” National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, last modified in October 2011,
www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/ncep
.

18
.
www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications

19
. Juliet Eilperin, “U.S. Sugar Industry Targets New Study,”
Washington Post
, April 23, 2003,
www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A17583-2003Apr22?language=printer
.

20
. John Casey, “The Hidden Ingredient That Can Sabotage Your Diet,” MedicineNet, last modified January 3, 2005,
www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=56589
.

21
. Taubes, “Is Sugar Toxic?”

22
. Luc Tappy et al., “Metabolic Effects of Fructose and the Worldwide Increase in Obesity,”
Physiological Reviews
90, no. 1 (2010): 23–46; Mirjam Dirlewanger et al., “Effects of Fructose on Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Humans,”
American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism
279, no. 4 (2000): E907–11.

23
. Sharon S. Elliott et al., “Fructose, Weight Gain, and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
76, no. 5 (2002): 911–22; K.A. Lê and L. Tappy, “Metabolic Effects of Fructose,”
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
9, no. 4 (2006): 469–75; Y. Rayssiguier et al., “High Fructose Consumption Combined with Low Dietary Magnesium Intake May Increase the Incidence of the Metabolic Syndrome by Inducing Inflammation,”
Magnesium Research Journal
19, no. 4 (2006): 237–43.

24
. K. Adeli and A.C. Rutledge, “Fructose and the Metabolic Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Molecular Mechanisms,”
Nutrition Reviews
65, no. 6 (2007): S13–S23; K.A. Lê and L. Tappy, “Metabolic Effects of Fructose.”

25
. Science Daily. “Fructose Metabolism by the Brain Increases Food Intake and Obesity, Study Suggests,” Science Daily,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090325091811.htm
.

1
. Frank B. Hu et al., “Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Evaluating the Association of Saturated Fat with Cardiovascular Disease,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
91, no. 3 (2010): 502–9.

2
. R.S. Kuipers et al., “Saturated Fat, Carbohydrates, and Cardiovascular Disease,”
Netherlands Journal of Medicine
69, no. 9 (2011): 372–78.

3
.
F. de Meester and A.P. Simopoulos, eds., “A Balanced Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio, Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease,”
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
100 (2009): 1–21; T. Hamazaki, Y. Kirihara, and Y. Ogushi, “Blood Cholesterol as a Good Marker of Health in Japan,”
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
100 (2009): 63–70.

4
. Japan Atherosclerosis Society, “Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases,”
Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis
14, no. 2 (2007): 5–57; de Meester and Simopoulos, “A Balanced Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio, Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease.”

5
. T. Hamazaki, et al., “Blood Cholesterol as a Good Marker of Health in Japan,”
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
100 (2009): 63–70; de Meester and Simopoulos, “A Balanced Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio.”

6
. D.M. Dreon et al., “Change in Dietary Saturated Fat Intake Is Correlated with Change in Mass of Large Low-density Lipoprotein Particles in Men,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
67, no. 5 (1998): 828–36.

7
. David M. Herrington, et al., “Dietary Fats, Carbohydrate, and Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
80, no. 5 (2004): 1175–84.

8
. Ibid.

9
. Robert H. Knopp and Barbara M. Retzlaff, “Saturated Fat Prevents Coronary Artery Disease? An American Paradox,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
80, no. 5 (2004): 1102–3.

10
. M.B. Katan et al., “Dietary Oils, Serum Lipoproteins, and Coronary Heart Disease,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
61, no. 6 (1995): 1368S–73S.

11
. S. Liu et al., “A Prospective Study of Dietary Glycemic Load, Carbohydrate Intake, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Women,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
71, no. 6 (2000): 1455–61.

12
. M.U. Jakobsen et al., “Intake of Carbohydrates Compared with Intake of Saturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Myocardial Infarction: Importance of the Glycemic Index,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
91, no. 6 (2010): 1764–68.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Ibid.

15
.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904539
.

16
. R.S. Kuipers et al., “Saturated Fat, Carbohydrates, and Cardiovascular Disease,”
Netherlands Journal of Medicine
69, no. 9 (2011): 372–78.

17
. A.P. Simopoulos, “Evolutionary Aspects of the Dietary Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio: Medical Implications,”
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
100 (2009): 1–21.

18
. Ibid; A.P. Simopoulos, “Overview of Evolutionary Aspects of w3 Fatty Acids in the Diet,”
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
83 (1998): 1–11.

19
. R.O. Adolf et al., “Dietary Linoleic Acid Influences Desaturation and Acylation of Deuterium-labeled Linoleic and Linolenic Acids in Young Adult Males,”
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
1213, no. 3 (1994): 277–88; Ghafoorunissa and M. Indu, “N-3 Fatty Acids in Indian Diets—Comparison of the Effects of Precursor (Alpha-linolenic Acid) vs. Product (Long Chain N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids),”
Nutrition Research
12, nos. 4–5 (1992): 569–82.

20
. A.P. Simopoulos,“Evolutionary Aspects of the Dietary Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio: Medical Implications,”
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
100 (2009): 1–21.

21
. A.P. Simopoulos, “Overview of Evolutionary Aspects of w3 Fatty Acids in the Diet.”

22
. P. Reaven et al., “Effects of Oleate-rich and Linoleate-rich Diets on the Susceptibility of Low-density Lipoprotein to Oxidative Modification in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Subjects,”
Journal of Clinical Investigation
91, no. 2 (1993): 668–76.

23
. L.G. Cleland, “Linoleate Inhibits EPA Incorporation from Dietary Fish Oil Supplements in Human Subjects,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
55, no. 2 (1992): 395–99.

24
.
William E.M. Lands, “Diets Could Prevent Many Diseases,”
Lipids
38. no. 4 (2003): 317–21.

25
. Ibid.

26
. William E.M. Lands, “A Critique of Paradoxes in Current Advice on Dietary Lipids,”
Progress in Lipid Research
47, no. 2 (2008): 77–106.

1
. A.E. Dorr et al., “Colestipol Hydrochloride in Hypercholesterolemic Patients—Effect on Serum Cholesterol and Mortality,”
Journal of Chronic Diseases
31, no. 1 (1978): 5.

2
. Jeremiah Stamler et al., “Effectiveness of Estrogens for the Long-Term Therapy of Middle-Aged Men with a History of Myocardial Infarction,” in
Coronary Heart Disease: Seventh Hahnemann Symposium
, eds. William Likoff and John Henry Moyer (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1963), 416.

3
. Duane Graveline, Lipitor:
Thief of Memory
(Duane Graveline, 2006),
www.spacedoc.com/lipitor_thief_of_memory.html
.

4
. Dan Kuester, “Cholesterol-Reducing Drugs May Lessen Brain Function, Says ISU Researcher,” Iowa State University, last modified February 23, 2009,
www2.iastate.edu/~nscentral/news/2009/feb/shin.shtml
.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Melinda Beck, “Can a Drug That Helps Hearts Be Harmful to the Brain?”
Wall Street Journal
, February 12, 2008.

7
. C. Iribarren et al., “Serum Total Cholesterol and Risk of Hospitalization and Death from Respiratory Disease,”
International Journal of Epidemiology
26, no. 6 (1997): 1191–1202; C. Iribarren et al., “Cohort Study of Serum Total Cholesterol and In-Hospital Incidence of Infectious Diseases,”
Epidemiology and Infection
121, no. 2 (1998): 335–47; J.D. Neaton and D.N. Wentworth, “Low Serum Cholesterol and Risk of Death from AIDS,”
AIDS
11, no. 7 (1997): 929–30.

8
. D. Jacobs et al., “Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations,”
Circulation
86, no. 3 (1992): 1046–60.

9
. Iribarren et al., “Serum Total Cholesterol”; C. Iribarren et al., “Cohort Study of Serum Total Cholesterol.”

10
. J.D. Neaton and D.N. Wentworth, “Low Serum Cholesterol and Risk of Death from AIDS.”

11
. Jonathan Kantor, “Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction and Active Depression: An Analytic Cross-Sectional Study of General Medical Patients,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
156, no. 11 (2002): 1035–42.

12
. M. Kanat et al., “A Multi-Center, Open Label, Crossover Designed Prospective Study Evaluatiing the Effects of Lipid-lowering Treatment on Steroid Synthesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (MODEST Study),”
Journal of Endocrinology Investigation
32, no. 10 (2009): 852–56; R.D. Stanworth et al., “Statin Therapy is Associated with Lower Total but not Bioavailable or Free Testosterone in Men with Type 2 Diabetes,”
Diabetes Care
32, no. 4 (2009): 541–46; A.S. Dobbs et al., “Effects of High-Dose Simvastatin on Adrenal and Gonadal Steroidogenesis in Men with Hypercholesterolemia,”
Metabolism
49, no. 9 (2000): 1234–38; A.S. Dobs et al., “Effects of Simvastatin and Pravastatin on Gonadal Function in Male Hypercholesterolemic Patients,”
Metabolism
49, no. 1 (2000): 115–21; M.T. Hyyppä et al., “Does Simvastatin Affect Mood and Steroid Hormone Levels in Hypercholesterolemic Men? A Randomized Double-Blind Trial,”
Psychoneuroendocrinology
28, no. 2 (2003): 181–94.