The Great Cholesterol Myth (41 page)

BOOK: The Great Cholesterol Myth
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26
. James Shepard et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Acid Therapy on Plasma High Density Lipoprotein Subfraction Distribution and Composition and on Apolipoprotein A Metabolism,”
Journal of Clinical Investigation
63, no. 5 (1979): 858–67; G. Wahlberg et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Acid on Serum Cholesterol Concentrations of High Density Lipoprotein Subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 in Hyperlipoproteinaemia,”
Journal of Internal Medicine
228, no. 2 (1990): 151–57.

27
. Shepard et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Acid Therapy”; Wahlberg et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Acid on Serum Cholesterol.”

28
. Alan Gaby,
Nutritional Medicine
(Concord, NH: Fritz Perlberg Publishing, 2011).

29
. A. Hoffer, “On Niacin Hepatitis,”
Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
12 (1983): 90.

30
. McKenney et al., “A Comparison of the Efficacy and Toxic Effects of Sustained Vs. Immediate-Release Niacin”; J.A. Etchason et al., “Niacin-Induced Hepatitis: A Potential Side Effect with Low-Dose Time-Release Niacin,”
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
66, no. 1 (1991): 23–28.

31
. Gaby,
Nutritional Medicine
.

32
. E. Serbinova et al., “Free Radical Recycling and Intramembrane Mobility in the Antioxidant Properties of Alpha-Tocopherol and Alpha-Tocotrienol,”
Free Radical Biology & Medicine
10, no. 5 (1991): 263–75.

33
. R.A. Parker et al., “Tocotrienols Regulate Cholesterol Production in Mammalian Cells by Post-Transcriptional Suppression of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase,”
Journal of Biological Chemistry
268 (1993): 11230–38; B.C. Pearce et al., “Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Synthetic and Natural Tocotrienols,”
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
35, no. 20 (1992): 3595–606; B.C. Pearce et al., “Inhibitors of Cholesterol Biosynthesis. 2. Hypocholesterolemic and Antioxidant Activities of Benzopyran and Tetrahydronaphthalene Analogues of the tocotrienols,”
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
37, no. 4 (1994): 526–41.

34
. S.G. Yu et al., “Dose-Response Impact of Various Tocotrienols on Serum Lipid Parameters in Five-Week-Old Female Chickens,”
Lipids
41, no. 5 (2006): 453–61; M. Minhajuddin et al., “Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Properties of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran Oil in Experimentally Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats,”
Food and Chemical Toxicology
43, no. 5 (2005): 747–53; J. Iqbal et al., “Suppression of 7,12-Dimethyl-Benz[alpha]anthracene-Induced Carcinogenesis and Hypercholesterolaemia in Rats by Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran Oil,”
European Journal of Cancer Prevention
12, no. 6 (2003): 447–53; A.A. Qureshi et al., “Novel Tocotrienols of Rice Bran Suppress Cholesterogenesis in Hereditary Hypercholesterolemic Swine,”
Journal of Nutrition
131, no. 2 (2001): 223–30; M.K. Teoh et al., “Protection by Tocotrienols against Hypercholesterolaemia and Atheroma,”
Medical Journal of Malaysia
49, no. 3 (1994): 255–62; A.A. Qureshi et al., “Dietary Tocotrienols Reduce Concentrations of Plasma Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein B, Thromboxane B2, and Platelet Factor 4 in Pigs with Inherited Hyperlipidemias,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
53, no. 4 (1991): 1042S–46S; D. O’Byrne et al., “Studies of LDL Oxidation Following Alpha-, Gamma-, or Delta-Tocotrienyl Acetate Supplementation of Hypercholesterolemic Humans,”
Free Radical Biology & Medicine
29, no. 9 (2000): 834–45; A.A. Qureshi et al., “Lowering of Serum Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Humans by Tocotrienols (Palm Vitee),”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
53, no. 4 supplement (1991): 1021–26; Qureshi et al., “Response of Hypercholesterolemic Subjects to Administration of Tocotrienols,”
Lipids
30, no. 12 (1995): 1171–77; A.C. Tomeo et al., “Antioxidant Effects of Tocotrienols in Patients with Hyperlipidemia and Carotid Stenosis,”
Lipids
30, no. 12 (1995): 1179–83.

35
. Andrew Stoll,
The Omega-3 Connection
(New York: Free Press, 2001).

36
.
J. Dyerberg et al., “Plasma Cholesterol Concentration in Caucasian Danes and Greenland West Coast Eskimos,”
Danish Medical Bulletin
24, no. 2 (1977): 52–55; H.O. Bang, et al., “The Composition of Food Consumed by Greenland Eskimos,”
Acta Medica Scandinavica
200, nos. 1–2 (1976): 69–73; H.O. Bang and J. Dyerberg, “Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Greenlandic West Coast Eskimos,”
Acta Medica Scandinavica
192, nos. 1–2 (1972): 85–94; H.O. Bang et al., “Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Pattern in Greenlandic West Coast Eskimos,”
The Lancet
1, no. 7710 (1971): 1143–45; J.Dyerberg et al., “Fatty Acid Composition of the Plasma Lipids in Greenland Eskimos,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
28, no. 9 (1975): 958–66.

37
. D. Mozzafarian and J.H. Wu, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Effects on Risk Factors, Molecular Pathways, and Clinical Events,”
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
58, no. 20 (2011): 2047–67.

38
. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators, “Dietary Supplementation with N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Vitamin E after Myocardial Infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione Trial,”
The Lancet
354, no. 9177 (1999): 447–55.

39
. Martin R. Cowie, “The Clinical Benefit of Omega-3 PUFA Ethyl Esters Supplementation in Patients with Heart Failure,”
European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine
1, no. 2 (2010): 14–18.

40
. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, “Clinical Guidelines, CG48,” National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, last modified September 23, 2011,
www.nice.org.uk/CG48
.

41
. Cowie, “The Clinical Benefit of Omega-3 PUFA Ethyl Esters.”

42
. D. Lanzmann-Petithory, “Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Cardiovascular Diseases,”
Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
5, no. 3 (2001): 179–83.

43
. M. Yokoyama, “Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) on Major Cardiovascular Events in Hypercholesterolemic Patients: The Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS)” presentation, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Dallas, Texas, November 13–16, 2005; Medscape, “JELIS—Japan Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Lipid Intervention Study,” Medscape Education,
www.medscape.org/viewarticle/518574
.

44
. G. Bon et al., “Effects of Pantethine on In Vitro Peroxidation of Low-Density Lipoproteins,”
Atherosclerosis
57, no. 1 (1985): 99–106.

45
. A.C. Junior et al., “Antigenotoxic and Antimutagenic Potential of an Annatto Pigment (Norbixin) Against Oxidative Stress,”
Genetics and Molecular Research
4, no. 1 (2005): 94–99; G. Kelly, “Pantethine: A Review of its Biochemistry and Therapeutic Applications,”
Alternative Medicine Review
2, no. 5 (1997): 365–77; F. Coronel et al., “Treatment of Hyperlipemia in Diabetic Patients on Dialysis with a Physiological Substance,”
American Journal of Nephrology
11, no. 1 (1991): 32–36; P. Binaghi et al., “Evaluation of the Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Pantethine in Perimenopausal Women,”
Minerva Medica
81 (1990): 475–79; Z. Lu, “A Double-Blind Clinical Trial: The Effects of Pantethine on Serum Lipids in Patients with Hyperlipidemia,”
Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases
17, no. 4 (1989): 221–23; M. Eto et al., “Lowering Effect of Pantethine on Plasma Beta-Thromboglobulin and Lipids in Diabetes Mellitus,”
Artery
15, no. 1 (1987): 1–12; D. Prisco et al., “Effect of Oral Treatment with Pantethine on Platelet and Plasma Phospholipids in Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia,”
Angiology
38, no. 3 (1987): 241–47; F. Bellani et al., “Treatment of Hyperlipidemias Complicated by Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Results of an Open Short-Term Study with Pantethine,”
Current Therapeutic Research
40, no. 5 (1986): 912–16; S. Bertolini et al., “Lipoprotein Changes Induced by Pantethine in Hyperlipoproteinemic Patients: Adults and Children,”
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
24, no. 11 (1986): 630–37; C. Donati et al., “Pantethine Improves the Lipid Abnormalities of Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Results of a Multicenter Clinical Trial,”
Clinical Nephrology
25, no. 2 (1986): 70–74; L. Arsenio et al., “Effectiveness of Long-Term Treatment with Pantethine in Patients with Dyslipidemia,”
Clinical Therapeutics
8, no. 5 (1986): 537–45; S. Giannini et al., “Efeitos da Pantetina Sobrelipides Sangineos,”
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
46,
no. 4 (1986): 283–89; F. Bergesio et al., “Impiego della Pantetina nella Dislipidemia dell’Uremico Cronico in Trattamento Dialitico,”
Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research
66, nos. 11–12 (1985): 433–40; G.F. Gensini et al., “Changes in Fatty Acid Composition of the Single Platelet Phospholipids Induced by Pantethine Treatment,”
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research
5, no. 5 (1985): 309–18; L. Cattin et al., “Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia with Pantethine and Fenofibrate: An Open Randomized Study on 43 Subjects,”
Current Therapeutic Research
38 (1985): 386–95; A. Postiglione et al., “Pantethine Versus Fenofibrate in the Treatment of Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia,”
Monographs on Atherosclerosis
13 (1985): 145–48; G. Seghieri et al., “Effetto della Terapia con Pantetina in Uremici Cronici Emodializzati con Iperlipoproteinemia di Tipo IV,”
Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research
66, nos. 5–6 (1985): 187–92; L. Arsenio et al., “Iperlipidemia Diabete ed Aterosclerosi: Efficacia del Trattamento con Pantetina,”
Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense
55, no.1 (1984): 25–42; O. Bosello et al., “Changes in the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Distribution of Apolipoproteins C-III2, CIII1, C-III0, C-II, and Apolipoprotein E after Pantethine Administration,”
Acta Therapeutica
10 (1984): 421–30; P. Da Col et al., “Pantethine in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial Versus Tiadenol,”
Current Therapeutic Research
36 (1984): 314–21; A. Gaddi et al., “Controlled Evaluation of Pantethine, a Natural Hypolipidemic Compound, in Patients with Different Forms of Hyperlipoproteinemia,”
Atherosclerosis
50, no. 1 (1984): 73–83; R. Miccoli et al., “Effects of Pantethine on Lipids and Apolipoproteins in Hypercholesterolemic Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients,”
Current Therapeutic Research
36 (1984): 545–49; M. Maioli et al., “Effect of Pantethine on the Subfractions of HDL in Dyslipidemic Patients,”
Current Therapeutic Research
35 (1984): 307–11; G. Ranieri et al., “Effect of Pantethine on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Man,”
Acta Therapeutica
10 (1984): 219–27; A. Murai et al., “The Effects of Pantethine on Lipid and Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Survivors of Cerebral Infarction,”
Artery
12, no. 4 (1983): 234–43; P. Avogaro et al., “Effect of Pantethine on Lipids, Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins in Man,”
Current Therapeutic Research
33 (1983): 488–93; G. Maggi et al., “Pantethine: A Physiological Lipomodulating Agent in the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia,” C
urrent Therapeutic Research
32 (1982): 380–86; K. Hiramatsu et al., “Influence of Pantethine on Platelet Volume, Microviscosity, Lipid Composition and Functions in Diabetes Mellitus with Hyperlipidemia,”
Tokai Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine
6, no. 1 (1981): 49–57.

46
. Mark Houston et al., “Nonpharmocologic Treatment of Dyslipidemia,”
Progress in Cardiovascular Disease
52, no. 2 (2009): 61–94.

47
. R. Pfister et al., “Plasma Vitamin C Predicts Incident Heart Failure in Men and Women in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition—Norfolk Prospective Study,”
American Heart Journal
162, no. 2 (2011): 246–53.

48
. W. Wongcharoen and A. Phrommintikul, “The Protective Role of Curcumin in Cardiovascular Diseases,”
International Journal of Cardiology
133, no. 2 (2009): 145–51.

49
. Mark Houston,
What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Heart Disease
(New York: Grand Central Life & Style, 2012).

50
. G. Ramaswami, “Curcumin Blocks Homocysteine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Porcine Coronary Arteries,”
Journal of Vascular Surgery
40, no. 6 (2004): 1216–22.

51
. H. Sumi et al., “Enhancement of the Fibrinolytic Activity in Plasa by Oral Administration of Nattokinase,”
Acta Haematologica
84, no. 3 (1990): 139–43.

52
. Houston,
What Your Doctor May Not Tell You.

53
. M.A. Carluccio et al., “Olive Oil and Red Wine Antioxidant Polyphenols Inhibit Endothelial Activation: Antiatherogenic Properties of Mediterranean Diet Phytochemicals,”
Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
23, no. 4 (2003): 622–29.

54
.
European Society of Cardiology, “Study Shows Chocolate Reduces Blood Pressure and Risk of Heart Disease,”
European Society of Cardiology
, March 31, 2010,
www.escardio.org/about/press/press-releases/pr-10/Pages/chocolate-reduces-blood-pressure.aspx
.

55
. Mark Houston et al., “Nonpharmologic Treatment for Dyslipideia,”
Progress in Cardiovascular Disease
52, no. 2 (2009), 61–94.

CHAPTER 8

1
. Rick Relyea, “Predator Cues and Pesticides: A Double Dose of Danger,”
Ecological Applications
13, no. 6 (2003): 1515–21.

2
. Julia C. Buck, “The Effects of Multiple Stressors on Wetland Communities: Pesticides, Pathogens, and Competing Amphibians,”
Freshwater Biology
57, no. 1 (2012): 61–73; Qin Guangqiu et al., “Effects of Predator Cues on Pesticide Toxicity: Toward an Understanding of the Mechanism of the Interaction,”
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
30, no. 8 (2011): 1926–34; Maya L. Groner and Rick Relyea, “A Tale of Two Pesticides: How Common Insecticides Affect Aquatic Communities,”
Freshwater Biology
56, no. 11 (2011): 2391–404; Andrew Sih et al., “Two Stressors Are Far Deadlier than One,”
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
19, no. 6 (2004): 274–76.

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