The Great War for Civilisation (230 page)

Iraq

Attiyah, Ghassan R.
Iraq: 1908–1921. A Socio-Political Study.
Beirut: Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 1973.

Aziz, HRH Gen. Khaled bin Sultan bin Abdul, with Patrick Seale.
Desert Warrior: A Personal
View of the Gulf War by the Joint Forces Commander. London: HarperCollins, 1995.

Bellamy, Christopher.
Expert Witness: A Defence Correspondent's Gulf War 1990–1991.
London: Brassey's, 1993.

de la Billière, Gen. Sir Peter.
Storm Command: A Personal Account of the Gulf War.
London: HarperCollins, 1992.

Cockburn, Andrew, and Patrick Cockburn.
Out of the Ashes: The Resurrection of Saddam Hus
sein. New York: HarperCollins, 1999.

Heikal, Mohamed. Illusions of Triumph: An Arab View of the Gulf War. London: HarperCollins, 1992.

Hussein, Saddam.
Social and Foreign A fairs in Iraq.
London: Croom Helm, 1979.

Kelly, Michael.
Martyr's Day: Chronicle of a Small War.
London: Macmillan, 1993.

Makiya, Kanan.
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq
(written under the name of Samir al-Khalil). London: Hutchinson, 1989.

Parish, Daphne, with Pat Lancaster.
Prisoner in Baghdad.
London: Chapmans, 1992.

Pollack, Kenneth M.
The Threatening Storm: The Case for Invading Iraq.
New York: Random House, 2002.

Popovic, Alexandre.
The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the 3rd/9th Century.
Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener, 1999.

Rampton, Sheldon and John Stauber.
Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in
Bush's War on Iraq
. London: Constable & Robinson, 2003.

Ritter, Scott (and William Rivers Pitt).
War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know.
London: Profile Books, 2002.

Schwarzkopf, Gen. H. Norman, with Peter Petrie.
The Autobiography: It Doesn't Take a Hero.
London: Bantam Press, 1992.

Simons, Geoff.
The Scourging of Iraq: Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice
. London: Macmillan Press, 1998; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.

Timmerman, Kenneth R.
The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq.
London: Fourth Estate, 1992.

Winstone, H. V. F. Gertrude Bell. London: Barzan Publishing, 2004.

Woodward, Bob.
The Commanders
. London: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

Zucchino, David.
Thunder Run: Three Days in the Battle for Baghdad.
London: Atlantic Books, 2004.

Lebanon and Syria

Fisk, Robert.
Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
. London: André Deutsch, 1990; updated editions from Oxford University Press, 2003, and New York: Nation Books, 2003.

Khoury, Gérard D.
La France et l'Orient Arabe: Naissance du Liban Moderne 1914–1920
. Paris: Armand Colin, 1993.

Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley.
Syria and Lebanon under French Mandate
. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1958; reprinted Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1968.

Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal.
Hizbullah: Politics and Religion.
London: Pluto Press, 2002.

Salibi, Kamal.
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered.
London: I. B. Tauris, 1988.

Seale, Patrick.
Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East.
London: I. B. Tauris, 1988.

Van Dam, Nikolaos.
The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society under Asad and the
Ba'th Party.
London: I. B. Tauris, 1996.

Yammine, Antoine.
Quatre Ans de Misère: Le Liban et la Syrie Pendant la Guerre.
Cairo: Imprimerie Emin Hindie, 1922.

Israel and Palestine

Abbas, Mahmoud (Abu Mazen).
Through Secret Channels.
London: Garnet, 1995.

Aburish, Said K. Arafat: From Defender to Dictator. London: Bloomsbury, 1998.

Ashrawi, Hanan.
This Side of Peace: A Personal Account.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Bethell, Nicholas.
The Palestine Triangle: The Struggle between the British, the Jews and the
Arabs, 1935–48
. London: André Deutsch, 1979.

Chomsky, Noam.
The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians.
London: Pluto Press, 1983.

Elpeleg, Zvi.
The Grand Mufti: Haj Amin al-Husseini, Founder of the Palestinian National Movement.
London: Frank Cass, 1993.

Gilbert, Martin.
Israel: A History.
London: Doubleday, 1988.

Gilmour, David.
Dispossessed: The Ordeal of the Palestinians 1917–1980.
London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1980.

Hass, Amira.
Drinking the Sea at Gaza: Days and Nights in a Land Under Siege.
New York: Henry Holt, 1996.

Heikal, Mohamed.
The Secret Channels: The Inside Story of Arab–Israeli Peace Negotiations.
London: HarperCollins, 1986.

Hersh, Seymour.
The Samson Option: Israel, America and the Bomb.
London: Faber & Faber, 1991.

Hirst, David.
The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East.
New York: Nation Books, 2003.

Khalidi, Walid, ed.
All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by
Israel in 1948. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992.

Kimmerling, Baruck.
Politicide: The Real Legacy of Ariel Sharon,
London, Verso 2006.

Morris, Benny.
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1945–49
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

——.
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict 1881–1999
. London: John Murray, 1999.

Nazzal, Nafez.
The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948
. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1978.

Said, Edward.
The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle for Palestinian Self-Determination
1969–1994
. London: Chatto & Windus, 1994.

——.
The Question of Palestine.
New York: Times Books, 1979.

Schleifer, Abdullah.
The Fall of Jerusalem.
New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972.

Shahak, Israel.
Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years
. London: Pluto Press, 1994.

——.
Open Secrets: Israeli Nuclear and Foreign Policies
. London: Pluto Press, 1997.

Sharon, Ariel, with David Chanoff.
Warrior: An Autobiography
. London: Macdonald, 1989.

Journalism

Arnett, Peter.
Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad. 35 Years in the World's War
Zones.
London: Bloomsbury, 1994.

Cameron, James.
Point of Departure: Experiment in Biography
. London: Granada, 1980.

Ferro, Marc. L'Information en uniforme: Propagande, désinformation, censure, et manipulation. Paris: Editions Ramsay, 1991.

Said, Edward.
Covering Islam.
New York: Pantheon Books, 1981.

Thomson, Alex.
Smokescreen: The Media, the Censors, the Gulf
. London: Spellmount, 1992.

Zaidan, Ahmad Muaffaq.
The “Afghan Arabs”: Media at Jihad.
Islamabad: Pakistan Futuristics Foundation and Institute, 1999.

1914–1918 War

Churchill, Winston.
The Great War,
4 vols. London: George Newnes, The Home Library Book Company, 1933.

Moore, William.
The Thin Yellow Line.
London: Leo Cooper, 1974.

Oram, Gerard.
Worthless Men: Race, Eugenics and the Death Penalty in the British Army During
the First World War
. London: Francis Boutle, 1998.

Summerskill, Michael.
China on the Western Front: Britain's Chinese Work Force in the First
World War.
London: Michael Summerskill, 1982.

Select Documents

Arnove, Anthony, ed.
Iraq Under Siege: The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press, 2000.

Aruri, Naser, ed.
Palestinian Refugees: The Right of Return
. London: Pluto Press, 2001.

Asfour, John Mikhail, trans. and ed.
When the Words Burn: An Anthology of Modern Arabic
Poetry, 1945–1987
. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant Books, 1988.

B'Tselem.
Activity of the Undercover Units in the Occupied Territories
. Jerusalem: B'Tselem, 1992.

Byrne, Malcolm, and Peter Kornbluh, eds.
The Iran–Contra Scandal: A National Security Archive
Documents Reader
. New York: Norton & Co., 1993.

Catalinotto, John, and Sara Flounders, eds.
Metal of Dishonor: How the Pentagon Radiates Soldiersand Civilians with DU Weapons
. New York: International Action Center, 1999.

Dadrian, Vahakn N. “The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice.”
Yale Journal of InternationalLaw
, Vol. 23, Number 2, Summer 1998.

Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den, compiled by Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam. Tehran: The Centre for the Publication of the U.S. Espionage Den's Documents, 1987.

The Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights.
The Condition of Human Rights in Egypt
. Cairo: EOHR, 1993;
Recurrent Detention: Prisoners without Trial
. Cairo: EOHR, 1993–94;
Freedom
of Opinion and Belief: Restrictions and Dilemmas
. Cairo: EOHR, 1994;
Democracy
Jeopardized: Nobody “Passed” the Elections
. Cairo: EOHR, 1995.

The Geneva Conventions of August 12 1949
. Geneva: ICRC Publications, permanently reprinted;
Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949
. Geneva: ICRC Publications, 1996.

La France en Guerre d'Algérie
, sous la direction de Laurent Gervereau, Jean-Pierre Rioux, and Benjamin Stora. Paris: BDIC, 1992.

Girardet, Edward and Jonathan Walter, ed
. Afghanistan
. Geneva and Dublin: International Centre for Humanitarian Reporting, 1998.

Human Rights in Iraq
. Yale University Press, Middle East Watch Books, 1990.

Imperial Gazetteer of India: Afghanistan and Nepal
. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
c.
1910, reprinted Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1979.

Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government
. London: The Stationery Office, 2002.

Libya Under Gaddafi
. Chicago, Illinois: National Front for the Salvation of Libya, 1992.

MacArthur, Brian, ed. Despatches from the Gulf War. London: Bloomsbury, 1991.

Magnier, Grace.
Images des Morisques dans la Littérature et les Arts
(“Distorted Images: Anti-Islamic Propaganda at the Time of the Expulsion of the Moriscos”). Zaghouan, Tunisia: Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, 1999.

Les Mensonges du Golfe
. Montpellier: Arlea-Reporters sans frontières, 1992.

Needless Deaths in the Gulf War: Civilian Casualties During the Air Campaign and Violation of
the Laws of War.
New York: Middle East Watch Report, 1991.

Peltekian, Katia Minas, comp.
Heralding of the Armenian Genocide: Reports in the
Halifax Herald
1894–1922
. Halifax, NS, Canada: Armenian Cultural Association of the Atlantic Provinces, 2000.

Reshtia, Sayed Qassem.
The Price of Liberty: The Tragedy of Afghanistan (
no publisher listed, 1982).

Sarafian, Ara, comp.
United States Official Records of the Armenian Genocide
. London: Gomidas Institute, 2004.

The Second Afghan War 1878–80: Official Account
. Produced in the Intelligence Branch, Army Headquarters, India. London: John Murray, 1908.

Sifry, Micah L. and Christopher Cerf, eds. The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions. London: Times Books/Random House, 1991.

Tears, Blood and Cries: Human Rights in Afghanistan Since the Invasion 1979–1984.
New York: Helsinki Watch, 1984.

The Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President's Special Review Board.
New York: Bantam Books & Times Books, 1987.

Chronology

570 Birth of Prophet Mohammed

790 Islam will become the dominant religion in the Middle East

1095 First Crusade to “liberate” the Holy Land; there will be seven more over the next 186 years

1187 Salahedin's victory over the Crusaders at the Battle of Hittin; fall of Jerusalem to Muslim forces; henceforth the Middle East will be ruled by caliphates, including the Fatimids, Mamelukes and Ottomans

1798–1801 Napoleon's Egyptian expedition

1914 4 August, outbreak of the First World War

1915 British and Commonwealth troops land at Gallipoli Start of the Armenian Holocaust; murder of 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turks British forces besieged at Kut al-Amara, Mesopotamia by the Ottoman Turkish army Turks begin hanging Arabs in Beirut for demanding independence

1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement between France and Britain to share Syria, Jordan, Iraq and most of the Arabian peninsula

1917 Balfour Declaration giving British support for “establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” General Sir Stanley Maude enters Baghdad after British invasion of Mesopotamia (Iraq); a subsequent Iraqi insurgency against British rule costs thousands of lives General Sir Edmund Allenby enters Jerusalem, routing Ottoman Turkish forces

1918 President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Damascus falls to the Allies; King Faisal in Damascus 11 November armistice ends the First World War

1919 Treaty of Versailles Britain awarded Mandates for Palestine and Iraq; France awarded Syria

1920 French General Henri Gouraud creates Lebanon from Syrian territory Treaty of Sèvres negotiated between the Ottoman empire and the Allies (with the exception of Russia and the United States) agreed to the autonomy of Kurdistan, but was neither ratified nor implemented Ottoman empire collapses French eject Faisal from Damascus

1921 Hashemites become kings in Transjordan and Iraq 1936 Arab revolt in Palestine

1939 3 September, outbreak of the Second World War

1941 Overthrow of Rashid Ali's pro-German regime in Baghdad Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini travels to Berlin

1942 Arab and Jews fight together in Palestine Brigade at el-Alamein

1945 8 May, end of the Second World War in Europe and Nazi Holocaust of six million Jews

1948 Creation of State of Israel; 750,000 Palestinian Arabs ejected from their land

1954 Start of Algerian war of independence against France

1956 Suez crisis; Britain, France and Israel invade Egypt after Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal

1962 Monarchy overthrown in Iraq Algeria wins independence from France

1967 Six Day War; Israel occupies Gaza, West Bank, Golan and Sinai

1968 UN Security Council Resolution 242 demands withdrawal of Israeli forces from occupied territory in return for security of all states in the region

1973 Yom Kippur War; Israel defeats Egyptian–Syrian forces

1975 Start of Lebanese civil war

1977 President Sadat of Egypt makes peace with Israel

1978 First Israeli invasion of Lebanon Saddam Hussein takes over Baath Party in Iraq

1979 Shah of Iran overthrown by Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic Revolution Soviet Union invades Afghanistan; the start of a ten-year occupation by Russian troops Assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat

1980 Osama bin Laden raises an Arab legion to fight the Soviet Army With America's tacit support, Iraq invades Iran at the start of an eight-year war in which gas will be used in mass attacks for the first time since the First World War

1982 Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon 16 to 18 September, massacre of up to 1,700 Palestinian civilians after Israeli defence minister Ariel Sharon sends Israel's Lebanese militia allies into the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila to destroy “terrorists”

1983 23 October, suicide bombing of U.S. Marine Headquarters in Beirut, killing 241 U.S. personnel

1986 First Palestinian intifada against Israeli occupation

1988 USS
Vincennes
shoots down Iranian Airbus passenger airliner over Gulf with the loss of 290 Lives Iran sues for peace with Iraq December, a bomb destroys U.S. airliner over Lockerbie, Scotland, with the loss of 270 lives

1990 Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait; start of UN sanctions against Iraq which in the next eight years will cause the deaths of 500,000 children

1991 U.S.-led Western and Arab forces liberate Kuwait

1992 Algerian army demands suspension of democratic elections in advance of Islamic party victory; start of eight-year “civil” war in which at least 150,000 Algerians will die Outbreak of the Bosnian war

1993 September, Oslo Agreement between Israel and the PLO

1995 Yassir Arafat enters Gaza

1996 Osama bin Laden moves from Sudan to Afghanistan

1998 In Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden announces the creation of al-Qaeda, dedicated to the expulsion of Western forces from Muslim lands

2000 Israeli forces retreat from southern Lebanon after 22-year occupation September, second Palestinian Intifada

2001 11 September, suicide pilots destroy the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon at a loss of nearly 3,000 lives; President Bush and Prime Minister Blair announce they are fighting a “war on terror” October, United States begins bombardment of Afghanistan and Osama bin Laden forces, culminating in the overthrow of the Taliban regime

2003 March, Anglo–U.S. invasion of Iraq 9 April, U.S. occupation of Baghdad 28 April, U.S. troops kill 14 protesters in Fallujah; start of the insurrection against U.S. occupying forces 12 December, capture of Saddam Hussein in Iraq

2004 U.S. forces twice lay siege to the Iraqi city of Fallujah; war between U.S. forces and Iraqi Shia militia of Muqtada al-Sadr

2005 Up to 100,000 Iraqi civilians have died since the start of the invasion and by midSummer more than 1,700 American troops; Iraq elects its first government in 30 years but descends into anarchy with U.S. forces repeatedly bombing Iraqi insurgents. Thousands of civilians—Iraqis, Western journalists, aid workers and Western mercenaries—are held hostage and many are murdered. Yassir Arafat dies; Mahmoud Abbas appointed president in Palestinian elections; Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon announces an Israeli withdrawal from Gaza but Jewish colonies on the occupied Palestinian West Bank continue to expand Lebanon's former prime minister Rafiq Hariri is murdered in Beirut Syria withdraws the last of its troops from Lebanon under UN Security Council Resolution 1559; UN Security Council Resolution 242 of 1968—calling for Israeli withdrawal from occupied land—remains unfulfilled