The Happiness Industry (33 page)

4
Robert Gehl, ‘A History of Like',
thenewinquiry.com
, 27 March 2013.

5
Lea Dunn and JoAndrea Hoegg, ‘The Impact of Fear on Emotional Brand Attachment',
Journal of Consumer Research
41: 1, 2014.

6
Jeffrey Zaslow, ‘Happiness Inc.',
online.wsj.com
, 18 March 2006.

7
Keith Coulter, Pilsik Choi and Kent Monroe, ‘Comma N' Cents in Pricing: The Effects of Auditory Representation Encoding on Price Magnitude Perceptions',
Journal of Consumer Psychology
22: 3, 2012.

8
Drazen Prelec and George Loewenstein, ‘The Red and the Black: Mental Accounting of Savings and Debt',
Marketing Science
17: 1, 1998.

9
Jonathan Crary,
Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle, and Modern Culture
, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001.

10
Robert Rieber and David Robinson, eds.,
Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology
, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

11
See James Beniger,
The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

12
Robert Rieber, ed.,
Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology
, New York: Plenum Publishing Company Limited, 1980.

13
Ibid.

14
The American psychologist Edward Thorndike wrote in 1907: ‘Psychology supplies or should supply the fundamental principles upon which sociology, history, anthropology, linguistics and the other sciences dealing with human thought and action should be based … The facts and laws of psychology … should provide the general basis for the interpretation and explanation of the great events studied by history.' Quoted in Kurt Danziger, ‘The Social Origins of Modern Psychology: Positivist Sociology and the Sociology of Knowledge', in Allen Buss, ed.,
Psychology in Social Context
, New York: Irvington Publishers, 1979.

15
Rieber,
Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology
.

16
See John Mills,
Control: A History of Behaviorism
, New York: NYU Press, 1998.

17
See
nudgeyourself.com
.

18
David Armstrong, ‘Origins of the Problem of Health-Related Behaviours: A Genealogical Study',
Social Studies of Science
39: 6, 2009.

19
John B. Watson,
Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist
, Memphis, TN: General Books LLC.

20
Kerry Buckley,
Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism
, New York: The Guilford Press, 1989.

21
Ibid., 130.

22
Watson,
Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist
, 41-42.

23
Emmanuel Didier, ‘Sampling and Democracy: Representativeness in the First United States Surveys',
Science in Context
15: 3, 2002.

24
Sarah Igo,
The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens, and the Making of a Mass Public
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

25
Quoted in Igo,
The Averaged American
.

26
Stefan Schwarzkopf, ‘A Radical Past?: The Politics of Market Research in Britain 1900–50', in Kerstin Brückweh, ed.,
The Voice of the Citizen Consumer: A History of Market Research, Consumer Movements, and the Political Public Sphere
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

27
Igo,
The Averaged American
.

28
Loren Baritz,
The Servants of Power
, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1960.

29
Thomas Frank,
The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip Consumerism
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

4 The Psychsomatic Worker

1
Gallup, Inc.,
State of the Global Workplace: Employee Engagement Insights for Business Leaders Worldwide
,
gallup.com
, 2013.

2
Ibid.

3
David MacLeod and Nita Clarke, ‘Engaging for Success: Enhancing Performance Through Employee Engagement, A Report to Government', Department for Business, Innovation & Skills,
bis.gov.uk
, 2011.

4
Fiona Murphy, ‘Employee Burnout Behind a Third of Absenteeism Cases',
covermagazine.co.uk
, 26 June 2014.

5
European College of Neuropsychopharmacology estimates that 38 per cent of Europeans are suffering with a mental health problem. Sarah Boseley,' A third of Europeans are suffering from a mental disorder in any one year',
theguardian.com
, 5 September 2011.

6
Royal College of Psychiatrists et al,
Mental Health and the Economic Downturn: National Priorities and NHS Solutions
, 2011

7
Ibid.

8
World Economic Forum,
The Wellness Imperative: Creating More Effective Organizations
,
weforum.org
, 2010.

9
Andrew Oswald, Eugenio Proto and Daniel Sgroi, ‘Happiness and Productivity', The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series No. 882, University of Warwick, Department of Economics, 2008.

10
Robert Karasek and Tores Theorell,
Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life
, New York: Basic Books, 1992.

11
MacLeod and Clarke, ‘Engaging for Success'.

12
Luke Traynor, ‘Benefit Cuts Blind Man Committed Suicide After Atos Ruled Him Fit to Work',
mirror.co.uk
, 28 December 2013.

13
Daniel Boffey, ‘Atos Doctors Could Be Struck Off',
theguardian.com
, 13 August 2011.

14
Adam Forrest, ‘Atos, Deaths and Welfare Cuts',
bigissue.com
, 10 March 2014.

15
Izzy Koksal, ‘“Positive Thinking” for the Unemployed – My Adventures at A4e',
opendemocracy.net
, 15 April 2012.

16
Richard Layard, David Clark, Martin Knapp and Guy Mayraz, ‘Cost-Benefit Analysis of Psychological Therapy', CEP Discussion Paper No. 829, Center for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science.

17
Department for Work and Pensions, ‘Working for a Healthier
Tomorrow: Work and Health in Britain',
gov.uk/government/publications
, 2008.

18
Tim Smedley, ‘Can Happiness Be a Good Business Strategy?',
theguardian.com
, 20 June 2012.

19
Kathy Caprino, ‘How Happiness Directly Impacts Your Success',
forbes.com
, 6 June 2013.

20
Drake Baer, ‘Taking Breaks – You're Doing It Wrong',
fast-company.com
, 6 December 2013; Dan Pallotta, ‘Take a Walk, Sure, But Don't Call It a Break',
blogs.hbr.org
, 27 February 2014.

21
Anson Rabinbach,
The Human Motor
.

22
Matthew Stewart,
The Management Myth: Debunking Modern Business Philosophy
, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010.

23
Quoted in Richard Gillespie,
Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 100.

24
See Harvard Business School Baker Library's own online history of this: Michel Anteby and Rakesh Khurana, ‘The “Hawthorne Effect”', in ‘New Visions',
library.hbs.edu
.

25
Stewart,
The Management Myth
, 117.

26
Megan McAuliffe, ‘Psychology of Space: The Smell and Feel of Your Workplace',
triplepundit.com
, 31 January 2014. The issue of laughter, as a basis for more authentic communication at work, is something that Eric Tsytsylin of Stanford Business School specializes in.

27
Peter Miller and Nikolas Rose, ‘The Tavistock Programme: The Government of Subjectivity and Social Life',
Sociology
, 22: 2, 1988.

28
Matthias Benzer, ‘Quality of Life and Risk Conceptions in UK Healthcare Regulation: Towards a Critical Analysis', CARR Discussion Paper No. 68, Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, London School of Economics and Political Science.

29
Hans Selye,
The Stress of Life
, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970, 17.

30
Hans Selye,
The Stress of My Life: A Scientist's Memoirs
, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979.

31
Selye,
The Stress of Life
, 1.

32
Hans Selye,
Stress Without Distress
, New York: Signet, 1974, 116.

33
See Cary Cooper and Philip Dewe,
Stress: A Brief History
, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

34
One of the most important studies on this topic was the so-called ‘Whitehall Study', carried out between 1967 and 1977 in the British civil service. This indicated clear causal links between socio-economic status and health effects.

35
‘Unilever Gets Down to Business with Health',
hcamag.com
, 18 May 2010.

36
Cf. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri,
Empire
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000; Adam Arvidsson and Nicolai Peitersen,
The Ethical Economy: Rebuilding Value After the Crisis
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2014; Jeremy Gilbert,
Common Ground: Democracy and Collectivity in an Age of Individualism
, London: Pluto Press, 2014.

5 The Crisis of Authority

1
‘Full Text: Blair's Newsnight Interview',
theguardian.com
, 21 April 2005.

2
Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett,
The Spirit Level
.

3
ESPNcricinfo staff, ‘We Urge the Development of Inner Fitness',
espncricinfo.com
, 1 April 2014.

4
‘Competitiveness and Perfectionism: Common Traits of Both Athletic Performance and Disordered Eating',
medicalnewstoday.com
, 22 May 2009.

5
Tim Kasser,
The High Price of Materialism
, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.

6
See Toben Nelson et al., ‘Do Youth Sports Prevent Pediatric Obesity? A Systematic Review and Commentary',
Current Sports Medicine Reports
10: 6, 2011.

7
This is according to the Gini coefficient.

8
Kim Phillips-Fein,
Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan
, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009.

9
Jessica Grogan,
Encountering America: Humanistic Psychology, Sixties Culture and the Shaping of the Modern Self
, New York: Harper Perennial, 2013.

10
Hadley Cantril,
The Pattern of Human Concerns
, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1966.

11
Quoted in Jamie Peck,
Constructions of Neoliberal Reason
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 117.

12
Andrew McGettigan, ‘Human Capital in English Higher Education', paper given at Governing Academic Life, London School of Economics and Political Science, 25–26 June 2014.

13
Edmund Kitch, ‘The Fire of Truth: A Remembrance of Law and Economics at Chicago, 1932–1970',
Journal of Law and Economics
26: 1, 1983.

14
Ibid.

15
George Priest, ‘The Rise of Law and Economics: A Memoir of the Early Years', in Francesco Parisi and Charles Rowley, eds.,
The Origins of Law and Economics: Essays by the Founding Fathers
, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2005, 356.

16
Milton Friedman, ‘The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits',
The New York Times Magazine
, 13 September 1970.

17
Will Davies,
The Limits of Neoliberalism: Authority, Sovereignty and the Logic of Competition
, London: Sage, 2014.

18
Nikolas Rose, ‘Neurochemical Selves', Society, November/December, 2003; Nikolas Rose,
Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century
, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.

19
Peter Kramer,
Listening to Prozac
, London: Fourth Estate, 1994.

20
Alain Ehrenberg,
The Weariness of the Self: Diagnosing the History of Depression in the Contemporary Age
, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010.

21
David Healy,
The Antidepressant Era
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.

22
As has been widely researched and commented on, antidepressants are only marginally more effective than placebos, and the effectiveness of placebos has been growing year on year. See B. Timothy Walsh, Stuart N. Seidman, Robyn Sysko and Madelyn Gould, ‘Placebo Response in Studies of Major Depression: Variable, Substantial, and Growing',
Journal of the American Medical Association
287: 14, 2002.