The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (115 page)

11.
Rhys Isaac, review of Sidbury’s
Ploughshares into Swords
, in
Journal of Social History
33 (2000): 1020–21.

12.
Durey,
With the Hammer of Truth
, 154.

13.
Extensive literature on Gabriel’s revolt references the importance of Saint Domingue in the political climate of Richmond. See, e.g., Douglas R. Egerton,
Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802
(Chapel Hill, 1993); Sidbury,
Ploughshares into Swords
; James Sidbury, "Saint Domingue in Virginia: Ideology, Local Meanings, and Resistance to Slavery, 1790–1800,"
Journal of Southern History
63 (1997): 531–52; Sheldon, "Black-White Relations in Richmond." The writings on TJ and this question are extensive as well. See, e.g., Tim Matthewson, "Jefferson and Haiti,"
Journal of Southern History
61 (1995): 209–48.

14.
See Gary B. Nash,
Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 14–142, discussing the political and social influences of the black arrivals from the French colony. The Pennsylvania Abolition Society helped secure freedom for many of them, and soon many "French-speaking" black people were living as free people in the city by 1793.

15.
TJ to Mary Jefferson, May 15, 1797,
Papers
, 29:399.

16.
Martha Randolph to TJ, Jan. 22, 1798,
Papers
, 30:43.

17.
MB
, 966, where Jefferson noted, "Arrived at Monticello between 8 & 9. aclock A.M.";
Farm Book
, 57.

18.
TJ to Francis Eppes, Sept. 24, 1797,
Papers
, 29:531–32; Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, 197; Brodie, "Thomas Jefferson’s Unknown Grandchildren," 94–99.

19.
Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, 196–201.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Early American Indian Documents: Treaties and Laws, 1607–1789
, vol. 5,
Virginia Treaties, 1723–1775
, ed. W. Stith Robinson (Washington, D.C., 1979), 86–87, for the Treaty of Lancaster; Warren R. Hofstra, "‘The Extensions of His Majesties Dominion’: The Virginia Backcountry and the Extension of Imperial Frontiers,"
Journal of American History
84 (1998): 1310; Patrice Louis-René Higonnet, "The Origins of the Seven Years’ War,"
Journal of Modern History
40 (1968): 61. The LOC’s American Memory site has a copy of the Fry-Jefferson map, http://memory.loc/cgi-bin/map_pl; Jefferson,
Notes
, in
Writings,
324. See also photograph in the second insert. See also
Papers
, 4:390, referring to documents in TJ’s handwriting that use the Treaty of Lancaster as a baseline for establishing rights to western lands, and ibid., 6:666, for TJ’s use of the Treaty in defense of Virginia’s claim to western territory;
MB
, 94, 1326 n. 36.

22.
TJ to John Henry, Dec. 31, 1797,
Papers
, 29:600. Jefferson explained why he would never write to Martin directly to answer his charges by saying that his critic had forfeited the right to a one-on-one discussion by attacking him in the newspapers before writing directly to him about the problem. Luther Martin to TJ, June 24, 1797,
Papers
, 29:452. This letter was also printed in the
Porcupine Gazette
, a Federalist newspaper whose editor was the rabidly racist and anti-Jefferson William Cobbett. He continued to "write" to Jefferson throughout the rest of the year and into the next. See
Papers
, 29: 454–55, for the history of the Martin letters.

23.
See, e.g., TJ to John Gibson, May 31, 1797,
Papers
, 29:408–9; TJ to Peregrine Fitzhugh, June 4, 1797, ibid., 415–18; TJ to John Gibson, Dec. 31, 1797, ibid., 599–600; TJ to John Henry, Dec. 31, 1797, ibid., 29:600–601. The last letter is particularly intriguing because, while describing his state of mind in 1774 when he took down the narrative of Logan’s speech, TJ says, "I knew nothing of the Cresaps, and could not possibly have a motive to do them an injury with design." But he surely must have learned something of them after that time, or how else would he have known to write that Thomas Cresap was "infamous for many murders"?

24.
Thomas Jefferson’s Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order
, ed. James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson (Washington, D.C., 1999), chap. 16, item 30, "Ethics. 2. Law of Nature and Nations."

25.
Stith, ed.,
Early American Indian Documents
, 5:87.

26.
Christopher Gist’s Journals, with Historical, Geographical, and Ethnological Notes and Biographies of His Contemporaries
, ed. William M. Darlington (Pittsburgh, 1893), 202–6.

27.
Anthony F. C. Wallace,
Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans
(Cambridge, 1999), 28–34; Coolie Verner, "The Fry and Jefferson Map,"
Imago Mundi
, 21 (1967): 75–76.

28.
TJ to John Gibson, May 31, 1797,
Papers
, 29:408; TJ,
An Appendix to the "Notes on Virginia" relative to the Murder of Logan’s Family
(Philadelphia, 1800).

29.
William Short to TJ, Feb. 27, 1798,
Papers
, 30:149–51.

30.
Ibid., 150–51.

31.
Hamilton,
The Making and Unmaking of a Revolutionary Family
, 42–43.

32.
Short to TJ, Sept. 18 and Dec. 9, 1800,
Papers
, 32:155, 295.

33.
TJ to Edward Coles, Aug. 25, 1814,
Writings
, 1345.

34.
TJ to William Short, April 13, 1800,
Papers
, 501–10.

1.
"Old Virginia Editors,"
WMQ
7 (1898): 9–17.

2.
Richmond Recorder
, Sept. 1, 1802, cited in Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson
, 323;
New York Commercial Advertiser
, Oct. 9, 1800, cited ibid.

3.
See Michael Durey,
With the Hammer of Truth
, 97–102, discussing the Reynolds affair and Callender’s involvement in it; Ron Chernow,
Alexander Hamilton
(New York, 2004), 619, calling Hamilton’s "intemperate indictment of John Adams…a form of political suicide."

4.
TJ to William Evans, Feb. 22, 1801,
Papers
, 33:38.

5.
TJ to Philippe de Létombe, Feb. 22, 1801,
Papers
, 33:43.

6.
Francis Say to TJ, Feb. 23, 1801,
Papers
, 33:53.

7.
TJ to William Evans, Feb. 22, 1801,
Papers
, 33:38.

8.
Francis Say to TJ, Feb. 23, 1801,
Papers
, 33:53.

9.
William Evans to TJ, Feb. 27, 1801,
Papers
, 33:91–92.

10.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 128.

11.
Thomas Jefferson Randolph, "The Last Days of Jefferson," Special Collections, ViU.

12.
Carlos Martinez de Irujo to TJ, March 13, 1801,
Papers
, 33:268–69; Philippe de Létombe, March 15, 1801, ibid., 302; TJ to Philippe de Létombe, March 19, 1801, ibid., 366; Philippe de Létombe, to TJ March 26, 1801, ibid., 449; TJ to Philippe de Létombe, March 31, 1801, ibid., 506–7.

13.
TJ to William Evans, March 31, 1801,
Papers
, 33:505.

14.
MB
, 1051; TJ to Philippe de Létombe, March 19, 1801,
Papers
, 33:366.

15.
Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, 79, 254, 195.

16.
Rothman,
Notorious in the Neighborhood
, 30.

17.
MB
, 1053 n. 15.

18.
TJ to William Evans, Nov. 24, 1801; Evans to TJ, Nov. 5, 1801, MHi.

19.
TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Dec. 4, 1801, LOC, 20356.

20.
Richmond Recorder
, Sept. 1, 1802.

21.
Ibid., Sept. 15, 1802.

22.
Ibid., Sept. 22, 1802.

23.
Ibid., Nov. 3, 1802.

24.
Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, 195–96.

25.
Richmond Recorder
, Sept. 15, 1802.

26.
Ibid., Dec. 1, 1802.

27.
Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, 59–60.

28.
Ibid., 60.

29.
Durey,
With the Hammer of Truth
, 154–55.

1.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 62, 129–30.

2.
TJ to John Wayles Eppes, Aug. 7, 1804, quoted in Lucia Stanton, "‘A Well-Ordered Household’: Domestic Servants in Jefferson’s White House,"
White House History
, no. 17 (2006): 8; Cornelia Randolph to Virginia J. Trist, Aug. 22, 1831, quoted in Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 156.

3.
Stanton, "‘Well-Ordered Household,’" 9.

4.
Ibid., 8.

5.
TJ to Edward Bancroft, Jan. 26, 1789,
Papers
, 14: 492–93. TJ mistakenly date d the letter 1788.

6.
TJ to Mary Jefferson Eppes, March 3, 1802, LOC, 20875.

7.
Stanton, "‘Well-Ordered Household,’" 8, 10–11; Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 185 n. 285.

8.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 50.

9.
MB
, 1069. TJ noted paying expenses for Ursula’s "lying in." She had come to Washington sometime after Sept. 1801. She first appears in TJ’s list of servants in Nov. Her baby was born before March 22.

10.
Eli Hawley Canfield to W. S. Canfield and Zaddock H. Canfield, Aug. 24, 1842, Correspondence of James Madison, 1801–1842, Accession 8005, Special Collections, ViU.

11.
Stanton,
Slavery at Monticello
, 16. Reproduction of missing page from the Farm Book, "Negroes Alienated 1784–1794,"
Farm Book
, 24.

12.
Farm Book
, 30.

13.
George Jefferson to TJ, June 17, 1801,
Farm Book
, 425.

14.
Stanton,
Free Some Day,
131–32.

15.
TJ to Joseph Dougherty, July 31, 1806, quoted in Stanton, "‘Well-Ordered Household,’" 11.