The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (114 page)

4.
Stanton,
Slavery at Monticello
, 16.

5.
"Thenia Hemings," Monticello Research Department files, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.

6.
See Hemings family tree in this book.

7.
TJ to Nicholas Lewis, April, 12, 1792,
Papers
, 23:408.

8.
TJ to Daniel Hylton, Nov. 22, 1792,
Papers
, 24:657

9.
MB
, 836, 877.

10.
Farm Book
, 30.

11.
TJ to Martha Randolph, Jan. 22, 1795,
Papers
, 28:249; Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 179 n. 204.

12.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 119.

13.
"Agreement with James Hemings," Sept. 15, 1793,
Papers
, 27:119–20.

14.
See, e.g.,
Sawney v. Carter
, 27 Va. 173 (1828);
Shue v. Turk
, 56 Va. 256 (1859). But see
Eliasv. Smith
, 6 Hum. 33, and
Lewis v. Simonton
, 8 Hum. 185, cases from Tennessee allowing for the enforcement of contracts for emancipation made between slaves and masters.

15.
Paul Finkelman, "Treason against the Hopes of the World,"
Jeffersonian Legacies
, 205.

16.
MB
, 891 n. 28.

17.
"Notes of a Conversation with George Washington," Feb. 7, 1793,
Papers
, 25: 153–54.

18.
TJ to Martha Randolph, July 7, 1793,
Papers
, 25:445–46.

19.
Martin S. Pernick, "Politics, Parties, and Pestilence: Epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia and the Rise of the First Party System,"
WMQ
, 3d ser., 29 (1972): 559.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Ibid., 562–63.

22.
See J. H. Powell,
Bring Out Your Dead: The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia
(Philadelphia, 1993), xi. 96–101, detailing African American involvement with the epidemic.

23.
TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Nov. 2, 1793,
Papers
, 27:299. TJ gave his earliest descriptions of the disease to James Madison and then to his son-in-law Thomas Mann Randolph. TJ to James Madison, Sept. 1, 1793,
Papers
, 26:7; TJ to Thomas M. Randolph, Sept. 2, 1793, ibid., 20–21.

24.
Powell,
Bring Out Your Dead
, 100–101.

25.
TJ to George Washington, July 31, 1793,
Papers
, 26:593–94; "Notes of a Conversation with George Washington," Aug. 6, 1793, ibid., 627–30; TJ to George Washington, Aug. 11, 1793, ibid., 659–60; George Washington to TJ, Aug. 12, 1793, ibid., 660.

26.
MB
, 903.

27.
Malone,
Jefferson
, 3:141; Ketchum,
James Madison
, 378–82.

28.
Malone,
Jefferson
, 3:146.

29.
TJ to James Madison, Nov. 2, 1793,
Papers
, 27:297; TJ to Thomas M. Randolph, Nov. 2, 1793, ibid., 299.

30.
MB
, 904 n. 69.

31.
Ibid., 910.

32.
Bear,
The Hemings Family of Monticello
, 7. See also Thomas Mann Randolph to TJ, April 30, 1791,
Papers
, 20:328; Mary Jefferson to TJ, May 1, 1791, ibid., 335; TJ to Daniel Hylton, July 1, 1792, ibid., 24:145.

33.
"Deed of Manumission for Robert Hemings," Dec. 21, 1794. See photograph in the first insert.

34.
TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Dec. 26, 1794,
Papers
, 28:225–26.

35.
Hamilton,
Making and Unmaking of a Revolutionary Family
, 83.

36.
Martha Randolph to TJ, Jan. 15, 1795,
Papers
, 28:247.

1.
MB
, 912.

2.
Ibid. TJ noted, "Peter comes home from working for Chapman," on Jan. 27.

3.
Edmund Randolph to TJ, Aug. 28, 1794,
Papers
, 28:118; TJ to Edmund Randolph, Sept. 7, 1794, ibid., 148.

4.
MB
, 499;
Farm Book
, 421; TJ to James Barbour, May 11, 1821. TJ does not mention him by name, but the "servant of great intelligence and diligence" was Peter Hemings, who had been taught brewing by a London brewer who had relocated to Virginia.

5.
Thomas Jefferson Randolph, "The Last Days of Jefferson," Special Collections, ViU; Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson
, 352–53, quoting the
Frederick Town Herald
, reprinted in the
Richmond Recorder
, Dec. 8, 1802. The editor of the paper employed a curious formulation of Callender’s writings about SH’s alleged son, "Tom," noting that the boy Callender "called" Tom did indeed look like Jefferson, as if they were skeptical of Callender on this point.

6.
TJ to George Wythe, Oct. 23, 1794,
Papers
, 28:181.

7.
Stein,
The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson
, 81.

8.
TJ to Edmund Randolph, Feb. 3, 1794,
Papers
, 28:15–16; TJ to James Monroe, March 11, 1794, ibid., 34–35.

9.
Stanton,
Slavery at Monticello
, 16.

10.
Ibid.

11.
See Lucia Stanton, "Rational Plantation Management at Monticello," in forthcoming collection of essays from Univ. of Virginia Press, quoting Lownes.

12.
TJ to Jean Nicolas Demeunier, April 29, 1795,
Papers
, 28:341.

13.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 114.

14.
Farm Book
, 110–11. See Stanton, "Rational Plantation Management," on TJ’s method of keeping daily tabs on the output of each nail boy.

15.
Charles Campbell, "Life of Isaac Jefferson," 581.

16.
Patricia Samford, "Archaeology of African-American Slavery and Material Culture,"
WMQ
, 3d ser., 53 (1996): 88.

17.
Fraser Neiman, Leslie McFaden, and Derek Wheeler, "Archaeological Investigation of the Elizabeth Hemings Site (44AB438)," http://Monticello.org/archaeology/publications/hemings.pdf, 5.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Ibid., 6. As this book was going to press, an additional home site was found in the vicinity of the Elizabeth Hemings site.

20.
Ellen Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge, Oct. 14, 1858, Family Letters Project.

21.
TJ to George Jefferson, Dec. 3, 1801,
Farm Book
, 425.

22.
Fraser, McFaden, and Wheeler, "Elizabeth Hemings Site," 54.

23.
Ibid., 16–17.

24.
Samford, "Archaeology," 94.

25.
Ibid.

26.
Ibid., 92–93.

27.
Peter S. Onuf,
Jefferson’s Empire
, 68.

28.
Charles H. Wesley, "Negro Suffrage in the Period of Constitution-Making, 1787–1865,"
Journal of Negro History
32, no. 2 (April 1947), 143–68 at 154; James W. Patton, "The Progress of Emancipation in Tennessee, 1796–1860,
Journal of Negro History
17, no. 1 (Jan. 1932), 67–102 at 68–69.

29.
Neiman, McFaden, and Wheeler, "Elizabeth Hemings Site," 17.

30.
T. H. Breen,
The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence
(New York, 2004), 140.

31.
Samford, "Archaeology," 95.

32.
Neiman, McFaden, and Wheeler, "Elizabeth Hemings Site," 50–51.

33.
Ibid., 52.

34.
Farm Book
, 31.

35.
See Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, 195–96.

36.
Ibid., 196–201.

37.
See Hemings family tree in this book.

38.
Malone,
Jefferson
, 1:430.

39.
Farm Book
, 50, 51, 52.

40.
TJ to William O. Callis, May 8, 1795,
Papers
, 28:346.

41.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, 124.

42.
"Deed of Manumission for Robert Hemings," Dec. 21, 1794,
Papers
, 28:222. See photograph in the first insert.

1.
MB
, 936.

2.
James Hemings’s inventory of kitchen utensils at Monticello,
Papers
, 28:610–11. See photo graph in the first insert.

3.
Midori Takagi,
"Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction": Slavery in Richmond, Virginia, 1782–1865
(Charlottesville, 1999), 17, 10, 13–14.

4.
Ibid., 22–23; Marianne Buroff Sheldon, "Black-White Relations in Richmond, Virginia, 1782–1820,"
Journal of Southern History
45 (1979): 28–29.

5.
Michael Durey,
With the Hammer of Truth: James Thompson Callender and America’s Early National Heroes
(Charlottesville, 1990), 158; Campbell, "Life of Isaac Jefferson," 567.

6.
TJ to George Jefferson, June 21, 1799,
Papers
, 31:135.

7.
George Jefferson to TJ, July 8, 1799,
Papers
, 31:148; TJ to George Jefferson, July 12, 1799, ibid., 148; George Jefferson to TJ, July 14, 1799, ibid., 148; TJ to George Jefferson, July 25, 1799, ibid., 149.

8.
TJ to George Jefferson, May 18, 1799,
Papers
, 31:111; George Jefferson to TJ, June 3, 1799, ibid., 118.

9.
Takagi,
"Rearing Wolves,"
22–23; James Sidbury,
Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810
(Cambridge, 1997), 184–219.

10.
TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Dec. 26, 1794,
Papers
, 28:225.